“Do you pretend that it is impossible to ameliorate the lot of the people?” M. de Vilmorin challenged him.

“When you say the people you mean, of course, the populace.  Will you abolish it?  That is the only way to ameliorate its lot, for as long as it remains populace its lot will be damnation.”

“You argue, of course, for the side that employs you.  That is natural, I suppose.”  M. de Vilmorin spoke between sorrow and indignation.

“On the contrary, I seek to argue with absolute detachment.  Let us test these ideas of yours.  To what form of government do you aspire?  A republic, it is to be inferred from what you have said.  Well, you have it already.  France in reality is a republic to-day.”

Philippe stared at him.  “You are being paradoxical, I think.  What of the King?”

“The King?  All the world knows there has been no king in France since Louis XIV.  There is an obese gentleman at Versailles who wears the crown, but the very news you bring shows for how little he really counts.  It is the nobles and clergy who sit in the high places, with the people of France harnessed under their feet, who are the real rulers.  That is why I say that France is a republic; she is a republic built on the best pattern — the Roman pattern.  Then, as now, there were great patrician families in luxury, preserving for themselves power and wealth, and what else is accounted worth possessing; and there was the populace crushed and groaning, sweating, bleeding, starving, and perishing in the Roman kennels.  That was a republic; the mightiest we have seen.”

Philippe strove with his impatience.  “At least you will admit — you have, in fact, admitted it — that we could not be worse governed than we are?”

“That is not the point.  The point is should we be better governed if we replaced the present ruling class by another?  Without some guarantee of that I should be the last to lift a finger to effect a change.  And what guarantees can you give?  What is the class that aims at government?  I will tell you.  The bourgeoisie.”

“What?”

“That startles you, eh?  Truth is so often disconcerting.  You hadn’t thought of it?  Well, think of it now.  Look well into this Nantes manifesto.  Who are the authors of it?”

“I can tell you who it was constrained the municipality of Nantes to send it to the King.  Some ten thousand workmen — shipwrights, weavers, labourers, and artisans of every kind.”

“Stimulated to it, driven to it, by their employers, the wealthy traders and shipowners of that city,” Andre-Louis replied.  “I have a habit of observing things at close quarters, which is why our colleagues of the Literary Chamber dislike me so cordially in debate.  Where I delve they but skim.  Behind those labourers and artisans of Nantes, counselling them, urging on these poor, stupid, ignorant toilers to shed their blood in pursuit of the will o’