heavy bodies are always inert, nor why the chemical elements are what they are; but it is known that “the properties of the elements are functions of their atomic weight,” which (though, at present, only an empirical law) may be a clue to some deeper explanation.  As to plants and animals, we know the conditions of their generation, and can trace a connection between most of their characteristics and the conditions of their life:  as that the teeth and stomach of animals vary with their food, and that their colour generally varies with their habitat.

Geometrical Co-existence, when it is not a matter of definition (as ’a square is a rectangle with four equal sides’), is deduced from the definitions and axioms:  as when it is shown that in triangles the greater side is opposite the greater angle.  The deductions of theorems or secondary laws, in Geometry is a type of what is desirable in the Physical Sciences:  the demonstration, namely, that all the connections of phenomena, whether successive or co-existent, are consequences of the redistribution of matter and energy according to the principle of Causation.

Coincidences of Co-existence (Group (3)) may sometimes be deduced and sometimes not.  That ‘nauseous insects have vivid coloration’ comes under the general law of ‘protective coloration’; as they are easily recognised and therefore avoided by insectivorous birds and other animals.  But why white tom-cats with blue-eyes should be deaf, is (I believe) unknown.  When co-existences cannot be derived from causation, they can only be proved by collecting examples and trusting vaguely to the Uniformity of Nature.  If no exceptions are found, we have an empirical law of considerable probability within the range of our exploration.  If exceptions occur, we have at most an approximate generalisation, as that ‘Most metals are whitish,’ or ’Most domestic cats are tabbies’ (but this probably is the ancestral colouring).  We may then resort to statistics for greater definiteness, and find that in Hampshire (say) 90 per cent. of the domestic cats are tabby.

Sec. 5.  Scientific Explanation consists in discovering, deducing, and assimilating the laws of phenomena; it is the analysis of that Heracleitan ‘flux’ which so many philosophers have regarded as intractable to human inquiry.  In the ordinary use of the word, ‘explanation’ means the satisfying a man’s understanding; and what may serve this purpose depends partly upon the natural soundness of his understanding, and partly on his education; but it is always at last an appeal to the primary functions of cognition, discrimination and assimilation.