What is an enemy?  A personal, an individual enemy is he who has done us a personal injury.  The enemy, in a general or collective sense, are they—­a people, a class or party—­who are opposed to our interests, whose presence, doings or sayings are obnoxious to us for many natural reasons.  Concerning these latter, it might be said that it is natural, oftentimes necessary and proper, to oppose them by all legitimate means.  This opposition, however lawful, is scarcely ever compatible with any high degree of charity or affection.  But whatever of aversion, antipathy or even hatred is thereby engendered, it is not of a personal nature; it does not attain the individual, but embraces a category of beings as a whole, who become identified with the cause they sustain and thereby fall under the common enmity.  The law that binds us unto love of our enemy operates only in favor of the units, and not of the group as a group.

Hatred, aversion, antipathy, such as divides peoples, races and communities, is one, though not the highest, characteristic of patriotism; it may be called the defect of a quality.  When a man is whole-souled in a cause, he will brook with difficulty any system of ideas opposed to, and destructive of, his own.  Anxious for the triumph of what he believes the cause of right and justice, he will rejoice over the discomfiture of his rivals and the defeat of their cause.  Wars leave behind an inheritance of hatred; persecution makes wounds that take a long time to heal.  The descendants of the defeated, conquered or persecuted will-look upon the generations of their fathers’ foes as typifying oppression, tyranny and injustice, will wish them all manner of evil and gloat over their downfall.  Such feelings die hard.  They spring from convictions.  The wounds made by injustice, fancied or real, will smart; and just as naturally will men retain in their hearts aversion for all that which, for them, stands for such injustice.  This is criminal only when it fails to respect the individual and become personal hate.

Him who has done us a personal injury we must forgive.  Pardon drives hatred out of the heart.  Love of God is incompatible with personal enmity; therefore such enmity must be quelched.  He who says he loves God and hates his brother is a liar, according to divine testimony.  What takes the place of this hate?  Love, a love that is called common love, to distinguish it from that special sort of affection that we have for friends.  This is a general kind of love that embraces all men, and excludes none individually.  It forbids all uncharity towards a man as a unit, and it supposes a disposition of the soul that would not refuse to give a full measure of love and assistance, if necessity required it.  This sort of love leaves no room for hatred of a personal nature in the heart.