thereof.”  The latter qualification was intended to exclude the children of foreign representatives and the like.  With this qualification every person born in the United States or naturalized is declared to be a citizen of the United States, and of the State wherein he resides.  After creating and defining citizenship of the United States, the Amendment provides that no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of a citizen of the United States.  This clause is intended to be a protection, not to all our rights, but to our rights as citizens of the United States only; that is, the rights existing or belonging to that condition or capacity.  The words “or citizen of a State,” used in the previous paragraph are carefully omitted here.  In article 4, paragraph 2, of the Constitution of the United States it had been already provided in this language, viz:  “the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of the citizens in the several States.”  The rights of citizens of the States and of citizens of the United States are each guarded by these different provisions.  That these rights were separate and distinct, was held in the Slaughter House Cases recently decided by the United States Supreme Court at Washington.  The rights of citizens of the State, as such, are not under consideration in the 14th Amendment.  They stand as they did before the adoption of the 14th Amendment, and are fully guaranteed by other provisions.  The rights of citizens of the States have been the subject of judicial decision on more than one occasion. Corfield agt.  Coryell, 4 Wash.; C.C.R., 371.  Ward agt.  Maryland; 12 Wall., 430.  Paul agt.  Virginia, 8 Wall., 140.

These are the fundamental privileges and immunities belonging of right to the citizens of all free governments, such as the right of life and liberty; the right to acquire and possess property, to transact business, to pursue happiness in his own manner, subject to such restraint as the Government may adjudge to be necessary for the general good.  In Cromwell agt.  Nevada, 6 Wallace, 36, is found a statement of some of the rights of a citizen of the United States, viz:  “To come to the seat of the Government to assert any claim he may have upon the Government, to transact any business he may have with it; to seek its protection; to share its offices; to engage in administering its functions.  He has the right of free access to its seaports through which all operations of foreign commerce are conducted, to the sub-treasuries, land offices, and courts of justice in the several States.”  Another privilege of a citizen of the United States, says Miller, Justice, in the “Slaughter House” cases, is to demand the care and protection of the Federal Government over his life, liberty and property when on the high seas or within the jurisdiction of a foreign government.  The right to assemble and petition for a redress of grievances, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, he says, are rights of the citizen guaranteed by the Federal Constitution.