have given way before a more sound conception of the
dramatic unity of the entire poem; and the volumes
before us contain merely an inquiry into its meaning,
bringing, at the same time, all the resources of modern
scholarship and historical and mythological research
to bear upon the obscurity of separate passages.
It is the most difficult of all the Hebrew compositions—many
words occurring in it, and many thoughts, not to be
found elsewhere in the Bible. How difficult our
translators found it may be seen by the number of
words which they were obliged to insert in italics,
and the doubtful renderings which they have suggested
in the margin. One instance of this, in passing,
we will notice in this place—it will be
familiar to everyone as the passage quoted at the opening
of the English burial service, and adduced as one of
the doctrinal proofs of the resurrection of the body:
“I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that He
shall stand at the latter day upon the earth; and
though, after my skin worms destroy this body, yet
in my flesh I shall see God.” So this passage
stands in the ordinary version. But the words
in italics have nothing answering to them in the original—they
were all added by the translators to fill out their
interpretation; and for in my flesh, they tell us
themselves in the margin that we may read (and, in
fact, we ought to read, and must read) “out
of,” or “without” my flesh.
It is but to write out the verses omitting the conjectural
additions, and making that one small, but vital correction,
to see how frail a support is there for so large a
conclusion; “I know that my Redeemer liveth,
and shall stand at the latter... upon the earth; and
after my skin... destroy this...; yet without my flesh
I shall see God.” If there is any doctrine
of a resurrection here, it is a resurrection precisely
not of the body, but of the spirit. And now let
us only add that the word translated Redeemer is the
technical expression for the “avenger of blood”;
and that the second paragraph ought to be rendered—“and
one to come after me (my next of kin, to whom the
avenging my injuries belongs) shall stand upon my
dust,” and we shall see how much was to be done
towards the mere exegesis of the text. This is
an extreme instance, and no one will question the
general beauty and majesty of our translation; but
there are many mythical and physical allusions scattered
over the poem, which, in the sixteenth century, there
were positively no means of understanding; and perhaps,
too, there were mental tendencies in the translators
themselves which prevented them from adequately apprehending
even the drift and spirit of it. The form of
the story was too stringent to allow such tendencies
any latitude; but they appear, from time to time,
sufficiently to produce serious confusion. With
these recent assistances, therefore, we propose to
say something of the nature of this extraordinary
book—a book of which it is to say little
to call it unequalled of its kind, and which will,