healing, they would have no occasion for square caps; the majesty of these sciences would of itself be venerable enough.  But having only imaginary knowledge, they must employ those silly tools that strike the imagination with which they have to deal; and thereby in fact they inspire respect.  Soldiers alone are not disguised in this manner, because indeed their part is the most essential; they establish themselves by force, the others by show.

Therefore our kings seek out no disguises.  They do not mask themselves in extraordinary costumes to appear such; but they are accompanied by guards and halberdiers.  Those armed and red-faced puppets who have hands and power for them alone, those trumpets and drums which go before them, and those legions round about them, make the stoutest tremble.  They have not dress only, they have might.  A very refined reason is required to regard as an ordinary man the Grand Turk, in his superb seraglio, surrounded by forty thousand janissaries.

We cannot even see an advocate in his robe and with his cap on his head, without a favourable opinion of his ability.  The imagination disposes of everything; it makes beauty, justice, and happiness, which is everything in the world.  I should much like to see an Italian work, of which I only know the title, which alone is worth many books, Della opinione regina del mondo.[51] I approve of the book without knowing it, save the evil in it, if any.  These are pretty much the effects of that deceptive faculty, which seems to have been expressly given us to lead us into necessary error.  We have, however, many other sources of error.

Not only are old impressions capable of misleading us; the charms of novelty have the same power.  Hence arise all the disputes of men, who taunt each other either with following the false impressions of childhood or with running rashly after the new.  Who keeps the due mean?  Let him appear and prove it.  There is no principle, however natural to us from infancy, which may not be made to pass for a false impression either of education or of sense.

“Because,” say some, “you have believed from childhood that a box was empty when you saw nothing in it, you have believed in the possibility of a vacuum.  This is an illusion of your senses, strengthened by custom, which science must correct.”  “Because,” say others, “you have been taught at school that there is no vacuum, you have perverted your common sense which clearly comprehended it, and you must correct this by returning to your first state.”  Which has deceived you, your senses or your education?

We have another source of error in diseases.[52] They spoil the judgment and the senses; and if the more serious produce a sensible change, I do not doubt that slighter ills produce a proportionate impression.

Our own interest is again a marvellous instrument for nicely putting out our eyes.  The justest man in the world is not allowed to be judge in his own cause; I know some who, in order not to fall into this self-love, have been perfectly unjust out of opposition.  The sure way of losing a just cause has been to get it recommended to these men by their near relatives.