violated that prerogative of the Legislature for which so much English blood had been already shed.  It was soon, indeed, repealed, and its repeal was soon followed by the dissolution of the Cabal, the passing of the Test Act, and peace with Holland.  But though the fears of the nation were thus laid to rest for a time, it now first became clear to those who could look beyond the passing day, and whose vision was sharpened by the memory of what had been, how surely England was moving under the son back again to a state of things which had cost the father his crown and his life.

But to return to the declaration of war.  Lewis received, and probably expected to receive, but little support from his English allies, and in a furious action fought off the coast of Suffolk De Ruyter more than held his own against the combined fleets of France and England.  But on land the French King carried all before him.  Led by Conde and Turenne, the ablest captains of the age, a vast host poured across the Rhine.  The Dutch were waked from the vain dreams of a French alliance, into which they had been lulled by the chiefs of the great merchant class which had risen to power on the fall of the House of Orange, only to find themselves helpless.  Town after town opened its gates to the invader:  three out of the seven provinces of the Federation were already in his hands:  his watch-fires were seen from the walls of Amsterdam.  In the first mad paroxysm of their despair the people rose against their leaders.  De Ruyter, who had borne their flag to victory on many a hard fought day, was insulted in the public streets:  the Grand Pensionary, John De Witt, and his brother Cornelius were brutally murdered before the palace of the States-General at the Hague.  The office of Stadtholder was re-established; and the common voice called back to it a prince of that House which twenty years ago had been excluded for ever from the affairs of a State which had never existed without it.

William Henry, great-grandson of the founder of the Dutch Republic, hereafter to be known as William the Third of England, was then in his twenty-second year.  The heroic spirit of William the Silent lived again in the frail body of his descendant.  Without a moment’s hesitation he accepted the hard and thankless task imposed upon him.  With wise counsel and brave words he calmed and revived the drooping hearts of his countrymen.  He rejected with scorn the offers both of Charles and Lewis to seduce him from his allegiance.  He replied to Buckingham’s remonstrances on the folly of a struggle which could only mean ruin to the Commonwealth, that he would fight while there was a ditch left for him to die in.  His courage spread.  The Dutch flew to arms:  without a regretful voice they summoned to their aid their last irresistible ally:  the dykes were cut, and soon the waters, destroying to save, spread over all that trim and fertile land.  The tide of invasion was checked, and with the next