There was a dangerous insurrection of the peasantry in the days of Richard II.  Three important battles were fought in Hertfordshire, during the Wars of the Roses:  (1) At St. Albans on 23rd (?) May, 1455; (2) on Bernard’s Heath, St. Albans, 17th February, 1461; (3) near Chipping Barnet, 14th April, 1471; these battles are mentioned more fully in the Sections on St. Albans and Barnet.

The residence of the Princess Elizabeth at Ashridge Park and her subsequent captivity at Hatfield up to the time of her accession (1558) may be here mentioned, but the more casual visits of monarchs are referred to as occasion requires.

The county was not the scene of any considerable engagement during the great Rebellion; but the Parliamentary troops are held responsible for much ecclesiastical sacrilege at St. Albans, Hitchin and elsewhere, and it was from Theobalds that Charles I. set out to meet his army in 1642.  In 1647, when a prisoner in the care of Cornet Joyce, he was taken from Leighton Buzzard to Baldock and from thence to Royston.  The march of Cromwell from Cambridge to St. Albans towards the end of the war is recorded rather too literally on the interior of several churches.

Of importance in history was the Rye House Plot (1683), a carefully laid but abortive scheme to murder Charles II. and James, Duke of York, on their way to London from Newmarket. (See Rye House.)

IX.  ANTIQUITIES

The antiquities of Hertfordshire have been carefully studied and well repay the labour that has been bestowed upon them.  A few words under several heads will suffice to show that the subject is a large one.

1. Prehistoric.—­Paleolithic man—­in whom we are all so interested, but of whom we know so little—­must have dwelt in Hertfordshire for a long period, a period to be measured by centuries rather than by years.  Perhaps, however, the word “dwelt” is hardly appropriate here; for doubtless, for the most part, the rude flint-shaper and skin-clad hunter roamed at random over this tract of land wherever necessity led him.  It is usual to speak of him as a troglodyte, or cave-dweller, but the caves of Hertfordshire are, and probably were few, and his life in such a district would therefore be more than usually nomadic.  As is often the case, we find traces of him in the river-valleys more frequently than elsewhere, and it is in beds of clay, conjectured to be of lacustrine origin, that we find those rudely shapen flint nodules which served him for tools.  Such implements have been found in the Valley of the Gade by Sir John Evans, K.C.B.; in more central neighbourhoods by Mr. Worthington G. Smith; and many axes, knives, etc., were discovered only a few years ago near Hitchin.  Implements of the Neolithic Age are naturally more numerous and form in themselves an interesting study in the evolution of manual skill.  Flint axe-heads, wonderfully