Pres.  Act. horta:ns, urging
Fut.  Act. horta:tu:rus, about to urge
Perf.  Pass. (in form) horta:tus, having urged
Fut.  Pass. (Gerundive) hortandus, to be urged

a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.

b. Give the participles of conor\, vereor\, sequor\, patior\,
partior\.

376. Tenses of the Participle.  The tenses express time as follows: 

1.  The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, milites insequentes ceperunt multos\, _the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.

2.  The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary _having been_; as, auditus\, heard or having been heard.

  3.  The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes
  time after the action of the main verb.

377. Review Secs. 203, 204, and, note the following model sentences: 

  1. Milites currentes erant defessi\, _the soldiers who were running_
  (lit. _running_) _were weary_.

  2. Caesar profecturus Romam non exspectavit\, _Caesar, when about to
  set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_.

  3. Oppidum captum vidimus\, _we saw the town which had been captured_
  (lit. _captured town_).

  4. Imperator triduum moratus profectus est\, _the general, since_
  (_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having
  delayed_) _three days, set out_.

  5. Milites victi terga non verterunt\, _the soldiers, though they
  were conquered_ (lit. _the soldiers conquered_), _did not retreat_.

In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses.  We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause.  Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.

378. EXERCISES

I. 1.  Puer timens ne capiatur fugit. 2.  Aquila ira commota avis reliquas interficere conata erat. 3.  Milites ab hostibus pressi tela iacere non potuerunt. 4.  Caesar decimam legionem laudaturus ad primum agmen progressus est. 5.  Imperator hortatus equites ut fortiter pugnarent signum proelio dedit. 6.  Milites hostis octo milia passuum insecuti multis cum captivis ad castra reverterunt. 7.  Sol oriens multos interfectos vidit. 8.  Romani consilium audax suspicati barbaris sese non commiserunt. 9.  Navis e portu egressa nullo in periculo erat.