[Footnote 98:  Neigebaur (p. 43) gives a list of twenty-eight towns known (and many doubtful ones) in Trajan’s Dacia, built during the Roman occupation.  Of these the ruins of some still remain, and on the site of others modern towns have been built, whose names vary but little from the Roman appellations, e.g. Zernes, now Cernetz; Caracalla, Karakal; Castra Severum, Turnu Severunul (where there is an old Roman tower); Ardeiscus, Ardeish or Ardges; Pallada, Berlad; Kallatia, Galatz; Thermae ad Medias, Mehadia.]

[Footnote 99:  Carra, p. 3.]

[Footnote 100:  As in the case of Britain; see Smith, Geography, article ‘Colonia.’]

[Footnote 101:  Carra takes his account from Eutropius, who says (Book VIII. cap. 6):  ’Trajan, when he conquered Dacia, transferred thither from all parts of the Roman Empire considerable numbers of men to till the fields and live in the towns.  For by its long war under Decebalus Dacia had been exhausted of its men.’ he says nothing of the ’scum of the towns.’  But in Book IX. cap. 15, Eutropius, in speaking of the Roman withdrawal from Dacia under Aurelian, says:  ’He took the Romans away from the cities and fields of Dacia, and planted them in the middle of Moesia.’]

[Footnote 102:  Smith (Dacia) says it was evacuated between 270 and 275 A.D.  Neigebaur and other German as well as French writers name years between these two, the edict of Aurelian being dated, it is said, 274 A.D.; whilst Roesler (pp. 60-51) believes that the actual withdrawal of the Roman army did not take place until 280 A.D.]

[Footnote 103:  lxviii. 13.  He says (after describing the bridge in glowing terms):  ’Trajan, fearing lest, when the Ister was frozen, the Romans on the farther bank should be attacked, built it in order to afford an easy passage for the troops; Adrian, on the other hand, apprehensive that the barbarians, after having overcome those who guarded it, would find it an easy means of penetrating into Moesia, demolished the upper portion of it.’]

[Footnote 104:  Freeman (General Sketch of European History) says 269-270 A.D.]

[Footnote 105:  Trebellius Pollio.  Gibbon sets down the number of Goths slain at 50,000.]

[Footnote 106:  Vol. ii. p. 17.  The other writers here referred to are Pic, Roesler, Paget, Petermann, &c.]

[Footnote 107:  Ibid.]

[Footnote 108:  Vol. i. p. 330.]

CHAPTER X.

FROM THE EVACUATION OF DACIA BY AURELIAN (ABOUT 274 A.D.) TO THE END OF
THE BARBARIAN RULE (ABOUT THE CLOSE OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY).

The ’Barbarians’—­Brief mention of them by Roumanian historians—­The Goths—­Their settlement in Dacia—­Defeat by Theodosius and disappearance—­The Huns—­Their ferocity—­Attila—­His successes—­Deserted and overthrown by the Gepidae—­His death, and expulsion of the Huns—­The Sarmatians—­The