[Footnote 20:  Paget, vol. ii. p. 44.  Dierauer, p. 73, who adds several more disjointed or isolated letters.]

[Footnote 21:  A dish made from maize.]

[Footnote 22:  Paget, vol. ii. p. 58.  Tocilesco, Plate VII.  In the illustrations there given the number of piers varies, but in both cases the intermediate island is shown.]

[Footnote 23:  The estimates vary from 630 to 650, but these do not make full allowance for all the windings of the river.]

III.

Returning now to the ‘Iron Gates’ of the Danube, the portal, as it were, by which we enter the country, we find in connection with the great bridge, and also starting from other parts of the Danube, remains of Roman roads, to one or two of which reference has already been made; and in the neighbourhood of these, again, evidences of permanent Roman occupation.  One road, west of the Iron Gates, has been named in connection with Trajan’s route.  It commenced at Uj Palanka, and ran in a north-easterly direction to Temeswar (Rom.  Tibiscum), and thence to the ancient capital of Dacia, Sarmizegethusa (modern Varhely), whence it is believed to have been continued to the Transylvanian slopes of the Carpathians bordering on Moldavia.  This road, which, along with all the other remains here referred to, will be found in our historical map, was not situated in what is now Roumania.  It was joined by another starting from Orsova, which followed the valley of the Czerna, passed the modern baths of Mehadia (Rom.  Ad Mediam), and joined the first road at Temeswar.  A third, still more to the eastward, commenced at the Bridge of Trajan at Turnu-Severin, and traces have been found which lead to the belief that it must have crossed Wallachia in more than one direction and have passed through the ‘Rothenthurm’ pass in the Carpathians, whilst a fourth road, with which it was probably connected, started from the vicinity of the bridge of Constantine, near Turnu-Magurele, and is traceable in a north-westerly direction towards the Carpathians.  Other roads have been distinctly made out in these mountains connecting Hermannstadt, Karlsburg, Schaessburg, &c.  The road on the southern bank of the lower Danube ran along the whole course of the river, and has been followed to the neighbourhood of Galatz; whilst in the Dobrudscha there are still the remains of two Roman walls, one on either side of the line of railway from Cernavoda on the Danube to Constanta (formerly Kustendjie) on the Black Sea.  As to the other archaeological remains, they are even more numerous and better defined than the roads.  At Turnu-Magurele, close by, there are traces of a second bridge across the Danube, known as that of Constantine, and believed to have been constructed by that emperor.  In the same neighbourhood, at Celeiu, there have been found several interesting Roman remains, ruins of buildings in which the colouring is still visible on the walls,