and happy.  Such was the situation of Sujah Dowlah, the Nabob of Oude, and such the condition of Oude under his government.  With his pedigree, I believe, your Lordships will think we have nothing to do in the cause now before us.  It has been pressed upon us; and this marks the indecency, the rancor, the insolence, the pride and tyranny which the Dows and the Hastings, and the people of that class and character, are in the habit of exercising over the great in India.

My Lords, I shall be saved a great deal of trouble in proving to you the flourishing state of Oude, because the prisoner admits it as largely as I could wish to state it; and what is more, he admits, too, the truth of our statement of the condition to which it is now reduced,—­but I shall not let him off so easily upon this point.  He admits, too, that it was left in this reduced and ruined state at the close of his administration.  In his Defence he attributes the whole mischief generally to a faulty system of government.  My Lords, systems never make mankind happy or unhappy, any further than as they give occasions for wicked men to exercise their own abominable talents, subservient to their own more abominable dispositions.  “The system,” says Mr. Hastings, “was bad; but I was not the maker of it.”  Your Lordships have seen him apply this mode of reasoning to Benares, and you will now see that he applies it to Oude.  “I came,” says he, “into a bad system; that system was not of my making, but I was obliged to act according to the spirit of it.”

Now every honest man would say,—­“I came to a bad system:  I had every facility of abusing my power, I had every temptation to peculate, I had every incitement to oppress, I had every means of concealment, by the defects of the system; but I corrected that evil system by the goodness of my administration, by the prudence, the energy, the virtue of my conduct.”  This is what all the rest of the world would say:  but what says Mr. Hastings?  “A bad system was made to my hands; I had nothing to do in making it.  I was altogether an involuntary instrument, and obliged to execute every evil which that system contained.”  This is the line of conduct your Lordships are called to decide upon.  And I must here again remind you that we are at an issue of law.  Mr. Hastings has avowed a certain set of principles upon which he acts; and your Lordships are therefore to judge whether his acts are justifiable because he found an evil system to act upon, or whether he and all governors upon earth have not a general good system upon which they ought to act.

The prisoner tells you, my Lords, that it was in consequence of this evil system, that the Nabob, from being a powerful prince, became reduced to a wretched dependant on the Company, and subject to all the evils of that degraded state,—­subject to extortion, to indignity, to oppression.  All these your Lordships are called upon to sanction; and because they may be connected with an existing system, you are to declare them to be an allowable part of a code for the government of British India.