camp.  Many men and a large number of horses were killed.  At once the order “Action front!” rang out, and the remaining horses, five to a man, were hurried to cover in the rear, while on the left a battery of horse artillery went into instant action.  The German attack was pressed hard, and the battery was momentarily lost until some detachments from the British Third Corps, with the guns of the artillery brigade, galloped up to its support.  Then they not only recovered their own guns, but also succeeded in capturing twelve of the enemy’s.

On the eventful day of September 3, 1914, the British forces reached a position south of the Marne between Lagny and Signy-Signets.  They had defended the passage of the river against the German armies as long as possible, and had destroyed bridges in the path of the pursuers.  Next, at General Joffre’s request, they retired some twelve miles farther southward with a view to taking a position behind the Seine.  In the meantime the Germans had built pontoon bridges across the Marne, and were threatening the Allies all along the line of the British forces and the Fifth and Ninth French Armies.  Consequently several outpost actions took place.

By the 1st of September, 1914, the day of the Russian victories at Lemberg, Von Kluck’s army had reached Senlis, only twenty-five miles from Paris.  Despite this imminent danger, the capital was remarkably quiet and calm; every day, as fateful event crowded upon event, seemed to renew the resolution and coolness of the population.  It seemed advisable, however, to transfer the seat of government for the time being from Paris to Bordeaux, after assuring the defense of the city by every means that could be devised.

The defenses of Paris consisted of three great intrenched camps, on the north, east, and southwest, respectively.  Of these the most important is the last, which includes all the fortified area to the south and west of the Seine.  A railway over sixty miles in length connects all the works, and, under the shelter of the forts, it could not only keep them supplied with the necessary ammunition and stores, but also it could be utilized to convey troops from point to point as they might be needed.  However, it was an open secret that even the outer and newer defenses were not of any great strength.  If the Germans broke through the outlying circle of forts, the inner line would be of small value, and the city itself would be exposed to long-range bombardment.

Paris was not ready for a siege, and if attacked it would speedily fall.

Early in the morning of September 3, 1914, President Poincare, accompanied by all the ministers, left Paris, and was followed at noon by the members of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, and the reserves of the Banque de France.  The higher courts were also transferred to Bordeaux.  The municipal authority was constituted by the president of the City Council, and the Council of the Seine Department, who were empowered to direct civil affairs under the authority of General Gallieni as military governor, the prefect of Paris, and the prefect of police.