Bismarck created the German Empire out of Dueppel, Koeniggraetz and Sedan.  His policy was one of “blood and iron”—­and for fifty years that policy of violence and violent means had been engrained in the mind of every German schoolboy as the gospel of diplomatic art—­but Bismarck was not able to bequeath to the German people his genial efficiency, wisdom and prudence in the use of his violent means.  Bismarck carefully prepared the wars of 1866 and 1870, and struck when he held good cards in his hand.  The Germany of William II. had no desire for war, but one day plunged headlong into it, and during the first week had already created political situations which were beyond her power to cope with.  Belgium and Luxembourg were treated on the Bismarckian principle of “Might before Right,” and the world rose against Germany.  I say world, because England’s power extended over the world.

At the beginning of the war England stood at “order arms.”  It would have been entirely true to her traditional policy to allow Germany to fight against France and Russia and mutually weaken each other, then at a given moment to intervene and enjoin peace.  England was forced to join in by Germany threatening to establish herself in Belgium.  How far the German invasion of Belgium can morally be extenuated owing to a French purpose to do likewise has still not been made clear—­but this argument does not apply to Luxembourg, and the breach of right remains the same whether the country where it occurs be large or small.

The invasion of Belgium and Luxembourg was a stroke of the Bismarckian policy of violence, not carried out by politicians but by generals who were devoid of Bismarck’s power of calculating the devastating consequences.

Later on, during the course of the war, the German Supreme Command made repeated use of violent means, which were more detrimental than useful to us, though subsequently these means were morally justifiable and comprehensible; in fact, were directly forced on us, seeing that Germany was fighting for her existence, and her adversaries, who would not come to an understanding, left her no choice of means.  The use of noxious gas, aerial attacks on open towns and the U-boat warfare were means used in desperation against a merciless enemy, who left women and children to die of starvation and declared day by day that Germany must be annihilated.

When war was declared, that murderous element was lacking, and it was only the entry into neutral territory that fostered an atmosphere of such terrible hatred and vengeance and stamped the struggle as a war of annihilation.

England’s policy concerning Napoleon III. was more of a diplomatic than a military nature, and everything tends to show that in the present case England originally had no intention of joining in the conflagration, but was content to see Germany weakened by her own confederates.