were to be placed under a staff officer, the Kommandeur der Luftstreitkraefte.  This new Kommandeur, who was to superintend the building of the machines as well as the training of the pilots, was Lieutenant General von Hoeppner, with Lieutenant Colonel Tjomsen as an assistant.  The squadrons, numbering more than 270, were divided into bombing, chasing, patrolling and field escadrilles, these last being intrusted with scouting, photographing, and artillery work, in constant touch with the infantry.  Most of these novelties were servilely copied from French aviation.  The Germans had borrowed the details of liaison service, as well as those for the regulation of artillery fire, from the French regulations.  The commander of the aeronautical section of the Fifth German Army (Verdun) said in a report that “a conscientious aviator was the only reliable informant in action.”  And his supreme chief, the Kronprinz, commenting upon this sentence, drew the following conclusions:  “All this shows once more that through methodical use of Infantry Aviation, the command can be kept informed of developments through the whole battle.  But the necessary condition for fruitful work in the field lies in a previous training carried on with the infantry, machine-guns, artillery, and liaison units.  The task of the Infantry Flyer is apt to become more difficult as the weather grows worse, and ground more deeply plowed up, the enemy more pressing, or our own troops yielding ground.  When all these unfavorable circumstances are united, the Infantry Aviator can only be effective if he has perfect training.  So he must be in constant contact with the other services, and the Infantry must know him personally.  At a pinch he ought to make himself understood by the troops, even without any of the usual signals.”

But these airplanes, while doing this special work, must be protected by patrolling escadrilles.  The best protection is afforded by the chasing units, fitted to spread terror and death far afield, or to stop enemy escadrilles bound on a similar errand.  Here again, copying the French services, Germany strengthened her chasing escadrilles during the whole winter of 1916-1917, and by the following spring she possessed no less than forty.  Before the war she had given her attention almost exclusively to heavy airplanes.  French types were plagiarized:  as the Morane had been altered into the Fokker, the Nieuport became an Albatros.  Their one-seated 160 H.P.  Albatros, with a Benz or Mercedes fixed engine and two Maxim guns shooting through the propeller, was henceforth the typical chasing machine.  However, the powerful two-engine Gothas (520 H.P.) and the Friedrichshafen and A.E.G. (450 H.P.) soon made their appearance in bombing escadrilles.