Smolensk, however, which was twice fatal to the army, was a place of rest for some.  During the respite which this afforded to their sufferings, these were asking each other, “how it happened, that at Moscow every thing had been forgotten; why there was so much useless baggage; why so many soldiers had already died of hunger and cold under the weight of their knapsacks, which were loaded with gold, instead of food and raiment; and, above all, if three and thirty days rest had not allowed sufficient time to make snow shoes for the artillery, cavalry, and draught-horses, which would have made their march more sure and rapid?

“If that had been done, we should not have lost our best men at Wiazma, at the Wop, at the Dnieper, and along the whole road; in short, even now, Kutusoff, Wittgenstein, and perhaps Tchitchakof would not have had time to prepare more fatal days for us.

“But why, in the absence of orders from Napoleon, had not that precaution been taken by the commanders, all of them kings, princes, and marshals?  Had not the winter in Russia been foreseen?  Was it that Napoleon, accustomed to the active intelligence of his soldiers, had reckoned too much upon their foresight?  Had the recollection of the campaign in Poland, during a winter as mild as that of our own climate, deceived him, as well as an unclouded sun, whose continuance, during the whole of the month of October, had astonished even the Russians themselves?  What spirit of infatuation is it that has seized the whole army as well as its leader?  What has every one been reckoning upon? as even supposing that at Moscow the hope of peace had dazzled us all, it was always necessary to return, and nothing had been prepared, even for a pacific journey homeward!”

The greater number could not account for this general infatuation, otherwise than by their own carelessness, and because in armies, as well as in despotic governments, it is the office of one to think for all; in this case that one was alone regarded as responsible, and misfortune, which authorizes distrust, led every one to condemn him.  It had been already remarked, that in this important fault, this forgetfulness, so improbable in an active genius during so long and unoccupied a residence, there was something of that spirit of error, “the fatal forerunner of the fall of kings!”

Napoleon had been at Smolensk for five days.  It was known that Ney had received orders to arrive there as late as possible, and Eugene to halt for two days at Doukhowtchina.  “Then it was not the necessity of waiting for the army of Italy which detained him!  To what then must we attribute this delay, when famine, disease and the winter, and three hostile armies were gradually surrounding us?