Sapieha, the principal leader, was massacred by his nobles.  Pulauwski and Micksenski were delivered up, wounded, to the Russians; Zaremba betrayed his country; Oginski, the last of these great patriots, roused Lithuania at the moment when Lesser Poland had laid down its arms.  Abandoned and fugitive, he escaped to Dantzig, and wandered for thirty years over Europe and America, carrying in his heart the memory of his country.  The lovely Countess of Mnizeck languished and died of grief with Poland.  Dumouriez wept for this heroine, adored in a country wherein he said the women are more men than the men.  He brake his sword, despairing for ever of this aristocracy without a people, bestowing on it, as he quitted it, the name of Asiatic Nation of Europe.

VI.

He returned to Paris.  The king and M. d’Argenson, to save appearances with Russia and Prussia, threw him and Favier into the Bastille, and he there passed a year in cursing the ingratitude of courts and the weakness of kings, and recovered his natural energy in retreat and study.  The king changed his prison into exile to the citadel of Caen; there Dumouriez found again, in a convent, the cousin he had loved.  Free, and weary of a monastic life, she became softened on again beholding her former lover, and they were married.  He was then appointed commandant of Cherbourg, and his indefatigable mind contended with the elements as if it were opposing men.  He conceived the plan of fortifying this harbour, which was to imprison a stormy sea in a granite basin, and give the French navy a halting place in the channel.  Here he passed fifteen years in domestic life, much troubled by the ill humour and ascetic devotion of his wife; in military studies constant, but without application, and in the dissipation of the philosophic and voluptuous society of his time.

The Revolution, which was drawing nigh, found him indifferent to its principles, and prepared for its vicissitudes.  The justness of his penetration enabled him at a glance to measure the tendency of events.  He soon comprehended that a revolution in ideas must undermine institutions, unless institutions modelled themselves on the new ideas.  He gave himself to the constitution without enthusiasm; he desired the maintenance of the throne, had no faith in a republic, foresaw a change in the dynasty; and was even accused of meditating it.  The emigration, by decimating the upper ranks of the army, left space for him, and he was named general, by length of service.  He preserved a firm and well-devised conduct, equi-distant from the throne and the people, from the counter-revolutionist and the malcontent, ready to go with the opinion of the court or of the nation, according as events might transpire.  By turns he was in communication with all parties, as if to sound the growing power of Mirabeau and de Montmorin, the Duc d’Orleans and the Jacobins, La Fayette and the Girondists.  In his