the end of such crises some leading man, to whose interest these events may tend, it supposes itself the author, attributes to itself all the action of these revolutions, and all the scope of idea that accomplishes them; and, fortunate or unfortunate, innocent or guilty, claims for itself all the glory or demerit of the result.  It renders its name divine, or its memory accursed.  Such, for fifty years, was the destiny of the Duc d’Orleans.

IV.

It is a historic tradition amongst people from the highest antiquity, that the throne wears out royal races, and that whilst the reigning branches grow enervated by the possession of empire, younger branches become stronger and greater, by nourishing the ambition of becoming more powerful, and inspiring more closely to the people an air less corrupt than that which pervades courts.  Thus, whilst primogeniture gives power to the elder, the people confer popularity on the juniors.

This singularity of a handsomer and more popular family than the reigning family, increasing near the throne, and having a dangerous rivalry with the throne in the mind of the nation, had always existed in the house of Orleans, since the time of Louis XIV.  If this equivocal situation gave to the princes of this family some virtues, it gave them also corresponding vices.  More intelligent and more ambitious than the king’s sons, they were also more restless.  The very restraint in which the policy of the reigning house kept them, condemned their idea or their courage to inaction, and forced them to misapply, in irregularities or indolence, the faculties with which nature had endowed them, and the immense fortune for which they had no other occupation:  too great for citizens, too dangerous at the head of armies or in affairs, they had no place either amongst the people or at court; and thus they assumed it in opinion.

The Regent, a very superior man, long kept down by the inferiority of his part, had been the most brilliant example of all the virtues and all the vices of the blood of Orleans.  Since the Regent, the princes endowed, like himself, with natural wit and courage, had felt the glory of great actions in their early youth.  They had then again fallen back into obscurity, pleasures or devotion, by the jealousy of the reigning house.  At the first show of brilliancy attached to their name, it had been darkened.  Guilty by their very merit, their name urged them on to glory; and as soon as they proved themselves deserving, it was forbidden to them.  These princes were destined to transmit with their family honours that impatience of a change of government which allows them to be men.

Louis-Philippe Joseph, Duc d’Orleans, was born at the precise epoch, when his rank, fortune, and character were to throw him into a current of new ideas, which his family passions called on him to favour, and into which, once drawn, it would be impossible for him to pause except at the throne or the scaffold.  He was twenty when the first symptoms of the Revolution manifested themselves.