These are not easy things to say in Elementary (and slightly Decayed) French or in Elementary and Corrupt Italian.

“But why do people support the sham conscientious objector and issue leaflets to help him—­when there is so much big work clamouring to be done?”

“That,” I said, “is the Whig tradition.”

When they pressed me further, I said:  “I am really the questioner.  I am visiting your country, and you have to tell me things.  It is not right that I should do all the telling.  Tell me all about Romain Rolland.”

And so I pressed them about the official socialists in Italy and the Socialist minority in France until I got the question out of the net of national comparisons and upon a broader footing.  In several conversations we began to work out in general terms the psychology of those people who were against the war.  But usually we could not get to that; my interlocutors would insist upon telling me just what they would like to do or just what they would like to see done to stop-the-war pacifists and conscientious objectors; pleasant rather than fruitful imaginative exercises from which I could effect no more than platitudinous uplifts.

But the general drift of such talks as did seem to penetrate the question was this, that among these stop-the-war people there are really three types.  First there is a type of person who hates violence and the infliction of pain under any circumstances, and who have a mystical belief in the rightness (and usually the efficacy) of non-resistance.  These are generally Christians, and then their cardinal text is the instruction to “turn the other cheek.”  Often they are Quakers.  If they are consistent they are vegetarians and wear Lederlos boots.  They do not desire police protection for their goods.  They stand aloof from all the force and conflict of life.  They have always done so.  This is an understandable and respectable type.  It has numerous Hindu equivalents.  It is a type that finds little difficulty about exemptions—­provided the individual has not been too recently converted to his present habits.  But it is not the prevalent type in stop-the-war circles.  Such genuine ascetics do not number more than a thousand or so, all three of our western allied countries.  The mass of the stop-the-war people is made up quite other elements.

2

In the complex structure of the modern community there are two groups or strata or pockets in which the impulse of social obligation, the gregarious sense of a common welfare, is at its lowest; one of these is the class of the Resentful Employee, the class of people who, without explanation, adequate preparation or any chance, have been shoved at an early age into uncongenial work and never given a chance to escape, and the other is the class of people with small fixed incomes or with small salaries earnt by routine work, or half independent people practising some minor artistic