There are plenty of men, and some women, nowadays, who can carry on a conversation in Chinese with the utmost facility, and even with grace.  Some speak so well as to be practically indistinguishable from Chinamen.

There are comparatively few men, and I venture to say still fewer, if any, women, who can read an ordinary Chinese book with ease, or write an ordinary Chinese letter at all.

Speaking of women as students of Chinese, there have been so far only two who have really placed themselves in the front rank.  It gives me great pleasure to add that both these ladies, lady missionaries, were natives of America, and that it was my privilege while in China to know them both.  In my early studies of Chinese I received much advice and assistance from one of them, the late Miss Lydia Fay.  Later on, I came to entertain a high respect for the scholarship and literary attainments of Miss Adele M. Fielde, a well-known authoress.

Before starting upon a course of colloquial Chinese, it is necessary for the student to consider in what part of China he proposes to put his knowledge into practice.  If he intends to settle or do business in Peking, it is absolute waste of time for him to learn the dialect of Shanghai.  Theoretically, there is but one language spoken by the Chinese people in China proper,—­over an area of some two million square miles, say twenty-five times the area of England and Scotland together.  Practically, there are about eight well-marked dialects, all clearly of a common stock, but so distinct as to constitute eight different languages, any two of which are quite as unlike as English and Dutch.

These dialects may be said to fringe the coast line of the Empire of China.  Starting from Canton and coasting northward, before we have left behind us the province in which Canton is situated, Kuangtung, we reach Swatow, where a totally new dialect is spoken.  A short run now brings us to Amoy, the dialect of which, though somewhat resembling that of Swatow, is still very different in many respects.  Our next stage is Foochow, which is in the same province as Amoy, but possesses a special dialect of its own.  Then on to Wenchow, with another dialect, and so on to Ningpo with yet another, widely spoken also in Shanghai, though the latter place really has a patois of its own.

Farther north to Chefoo, and thence to Peking, we come at last into the range of the great dialect, popularly known as Mandarin, which sweeps round behind the narrow strip of coast occupied by the various dialects above mentioned, and dominates a hinterland constituting about four-fifths of China proper.  It is obvious, then, that for a person who settles in a coast district, the dialect of that district must be his chief care, while for the traveller and explorer Mandarin will probably stand him in best stead.

The dialect of Peking is now regarded as standard “Mandarin”; but previous to the year 1425 the capital was at Nanking, and the dialect of Nanking was the Mandarin then in vogue.  Consequently, Pekingese is the language which all Chinese officials are now bound to speak.