“The fleet was the favorite child of Germany, for in it the onward-pressing energies of the nation seemed to be most vividly illustrated.  The application of the most modern technical skill, and the organization that had been worked out with so much care, were admired, and rightly so.  To the doubts of those versed in affairs whether we were pursuing our true path by building great battleships, there was opposed a fanatical public opinion which was not disciplined in the interest of those responsible for the direction of affairs.  Reflections about the difficult international troubles to which our naval policy was giving rise were held in check by a robust agitation.  In the navy itself the consciousness was by no means everywhere present that the navy must be only an instrument of policy and not its determining factor.  The conduct of naval policy had for many years rested in the hands of a man who claimed to exercise political authority over his department, and who influenced unbrokenly the political opinion of wider circles.  Where differences arose between the Admiralty and the civilian leadership, public opinion was almost without exception on the side of the Admiralty.  Any attempt to take into consideration relative proportions in the strength of other nations was treated as being the outcome of a weak-minded apprehension of the foreigner.”

When I was in Berlin in 1912, the last year in which, as I have already said, I visited Germany, there were those who thought that Bethmann Hollweg would shortly be superseded as Chancellor by his powerful rival, Admiral von Tirpitz.  But in these days the peace party in that country was pretty strong, and the then Chancellor was regarded as a cautious and safe man.  It was later on, in 1913, when the new Military Law, with L50,000,000 of fresh expenditure, was passed, that the situation became much more doubtful.  But the hesitation that existed in Government circles in Berlin earlier was never shared by the author of the “Erinnerungen,” to which I now pass.  One has only to look at the portrait at the beginning of that volume to see what sort of a man the author is.  A strong man certainly, a descendant of the class which clustered round the great Moltke, and gave much anxiety at times to Bismarck himself.

[Illustration:  ADMIRAL ALFRED P. VON TIRPITZ

LORD HIGH ADMIRAL OF THE GERMAN IMPERIAL NAVY FROM 1911 TO 1916.]

The Admiral possesses a “General Staff” mind of a high order.  A mind of this type has never been given a chance of systematic development in the English Navy, where the distinction between strategy and tactics, on the one hand, and administration on the other, has never been so sharply laid down as it has been, following the great Moltke, in Germany.  Even Moltke himself was not satisfied with what had been accomplished in Germany in this direction by the Army.  He is said to have complained that the General Staff building, which was put in the Thiergarten,