in very large proportion.  This free quartz is in some cases found to constitute large irregular crystalline grains in the mass, just like those of the ordinary orthoclase quartz-trachytes; but at other times its presence can only be detected by the microscope in thin sections.  These quartziferous andesites were by Stache, who first clearly pointed out their true character, styled ‘Dacites,’ from the circumstance of their prevalence in Transylvania (the ancient Dacia).”

In concluding this highly instructive and interesting memoir of the volcanic rocks of Hungary, Professor Judd says:  “The mineral veins of Hungary and Transylvania, with their rich deposits of gold and silver, cannot be of older date than the Miocene, while some of them are certainly more recent than the Pliocene.  Hence these deposits of ore must all have been formed at a later period than the clays and sands on which London stands; while in some cases they appear to be of even younger date than the gravelly beds of our crags!”

For any one who desires to geologise in Hungary and Transylvania there is abundant assistance to be obtained in the maps which have been issued by the Imperial Geological Institute of Vienna, under the successive direction of Haidinger and Von Hauer.  “These are geologically-coloured copies of the whole of the 165 sheets of the military map of the empire; and these have been accompanied by most valuable memoirs on the different districts, published in the well-known ‘Jahrbuch’ of the Institute.  Franz von Hauer has further completed a reduction of these large-scale maps to a general map consisting of twelve sheets, with a memoir descriptive of each, and has finally in his most valuable and useful work, ’Die Geologie und ihre Anwendung auf die Kenntniss der Bodenbeschaffenheit der Osterrungar.  Monarchie,’ which is accompanied by a single-sheet map of the whole country, summarised in a most able manner the entire mass of information hitherto obtained concerning the geology of the empire.”

I have given this passage from Mr Judd’s paper because there exists a good deal of misapprehension amongst English travellers as to what has really been done with regard to the geological survey of Austro-Hungary.

[Footnote 18:  A Description of Active and Extinct Volcanoes, by C. Daubeny, p. 133. 1848.]

[Footnote 19:  ’On the Ancient Volcano of the District of Schemnitz, Hungary,’ Quarterly Journal, Geo. Soc., August 1876.]

CHAPTER XXI.

A ride through Szeklerland—­Warnings about robbers—­Bueksad—­A look at the sulphur deposits on Mount Buedos—­A lonely lake—­An invitation to Tusnad.

Feeling curious not only about the geology of the Szeklerland, but interested also in the inhabitants, I resolved to pursue my journey by going through what is called the Csik.  I made all my arrangements to start, but wet weather set in, and I remained against my inclination at Kronstadt, for I was impatient now to be moving onwards.