Obj. 4:  Further, purification can scarcely be done except by removing something impure.  But as far as God is concerned, no bodily thing is reputed impure, because all bodies are God’s creatures; and “every creature of God is good, and nothing to be rejected that is received with thanksgiving” (1 Tim. 4:4).  It was therefore unfitting for them to be purified after contact with a corpse, or any similar corporeal infection.

Obj. 5:  Further, it is written (Ecclus. 34:4):  “What can be made clean by the unclean?” But the ashes of the red heifer [Cf.  Heb. 9:13] which was burnt, were unclean, since they made a man unclean:  for it is stated (Num. 19:7, seqq.) that the priest who immolated her was rendered unclean “until the evening”; likewise he that burnt her; and he that gathered up her ashes.  Therefore it was unfittingly prescribed there that the unclean should be purified by being sprinkled with those cinders.

Obj. 6:  Further, sins are not something corporeal that can be carried from one place to another:  nor can man be cleansed from sin by means of something unclean.  It was therefore unfitting for the purpose of expiating the sins of the people that the priest should confess the sins of the children of Israel on one of the buck-goats, that it might carry them away into the wilderness:  while they were rendered unclean by the other, which they used for the purpose of purification, by burning it together with the calf outside the camp; so that they had to wash their clothes and their bodies with water (Lev. 16).

Obj. 7:  Further, what is already cleansed should not be cleansed again.  It was therefore unfitting to apply a second purification to a man cleansed from leprosy, or to a house; as laid down in Lev. 14.

Obj. 8:  Further, spiritual uncleanness cannot be cleansed by material water or by shaving the hair.  Therefore it seems unreasonable that the Lord ordered (Ex. 30:18, seqq.) the making of a brazen laver with its foot, that the priests might wash their hands and feet before entering the temple; and that He commanded (Num. 8:7) the Levites to be sprinkled with the water of purification, and to shave all the hairs of their flesh.

Objection 9:  Further, that which is greater cannot be cleansed by that which is less.  Therefore it was unfitting that, in the Law, the higher and lower priests, as stated in Lev. 8 [Cf.  Ex. 29], and the Levites, according to Num. 8, should be consecrated with any bodily anointing, bodily sacrifices, and bodily oblations.

Objection 10:  Further, as stated in 1 Kings 16:7, “Man seeth those things that appear, but the Lord beholdeth the heart.”  But those things that appear outwardly in man are the dispositions of his body and his clothes.  Therefore it was unfitting for certain special garments to be appointed to the higher and lower priests, as related in Ex. 28 [Cf.  Lev. 8:7, seqq.].  It seems, moreover, unreasonable that anyone should be debarred from the priesthood on account of defects in the body, as stated in Lev. 21:17, seqq.:  “Whosoever of thy seed throughout their families, hath a blemish, he shall not offer bread to his God . . . if he be blind, if he be lame,” etc.  It seems, therefore, that the sacraments of the Old Law were unreasonable.