Reply Obj. 1:  The Philosopher is speaking of these virtues according as they relate to human affairs; for instance, justice, about buying and selling; fortitude, about fear; temperance, about desires; for in this sense it is absurd to attribute them to God.

Reply Obj. 2:  Human virtues, that is to say, virtues of men living together in this world, are about the passions.  But the virtues of those who have attained to perfect bliss are without passions.  Hence Plotinus says (Cf.  Macrobius, Super Somn.  Scip. 1) that “the social virtues check the passions,” i.e. they bring them to the relative mean; “the second kind,” viz. the perfecting virtues, “uproot them”; “the third kind,” viz. the perfect virtues, “forget them; while it is impious to mention them in connection with virtues of the fourth kind,” viz. the exemplar virtues.  It may also be said that here he is speaking of passions as denoting inordinate emotions.

Reply Obj. 3:  To neglect human affairs when necessity forbids is wicked; otherwise it is virtuous.  Hence Cicero says a little earlier:  “Perhaps one should make allowances for those who by reason of their exceptional talents have devoted themselves to learning; as also to those who have retired from public life on account of failing health, or for some other yet weightier motive; when such men yielded to others the power and renown of authority.”  This agrees with what Augustine says (De Civ.  Dei xix, 19):  “The love of truth demands a hallowed leisure; charity necessitates good works.  If no one lays this burden on us we may devote ourselves to the study and contemplation of truth; but if the burden is laid on us it is to be taken up under the pressure of charity.”

Reply Obj. 4:  Legal justice alone regards the common weal directly:  but by commanding the other virtues it draws them all into the service of the common weal, as the Philosopher declares (Ethic. v, 1).  For we must take note that it concerns the human virtues, as we understand them here, to do well not only towards the community, but also towards the parts of the community, viz. towards the household, or even towards one individual. ________________________

QUESTION 62

OF THE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES
(In Four Articles)

We must now consider the Theological Virtues:  under which head there are four points of inquiry: 

(1) Whether there are any theological virtues?

(2) Whether the theological virtues are distinct from the intellectual and moral virtues?

(3) How many, and which are they?

(4) Of their order.
________________________

FIRST ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 62, Art. 1]

Whether There Are Any Theological Virtues?

Objection 1:  It would seem that there are not any theological virtues.  For according to Phys. vii, text. 17, “virtue is the disposition of a perfect thing to that which is best:  and by perfect, I mean that which is disposed according to nature.”  But that which is Divine is above man’s nature.  Therefore the theological virtues are not virtues of a man.