On the other hand, the evil that consists in external things may surpass man’s faculty of resistance in three ways.  First by reason of its magnitude; when, that is to say, a man considers some great evil the outcome of which he is unable to gauge:  and then there is amazement. Secondly, by reason of its being unwonted; because, to wit, some unwonted evil arises before us, and on that account is great in our estimation:  and then there is stupor, which is caused by the representation of something unwonted.  Thirdly, by reason of its being unforeseen:  thus future misfortunes are feared, and fear of this kind is called anxiety.

Reply Obj. 1:  Those species of sorrow given above are not derived from the diversity of objects, but from the diversity of effects, and for certain special reasons.  Consequently there is no need for those species of sorrow to correspond with these species of fear, which are derived from the proper division of the object of fear itself.

Reply Obj. 2:  A deed considered as being actually done, is in the power of the doer.  But it is possible to take into consideration something connected with the deed, and surpassing the faculty of the doer, for which reason he shrinks from the deed.  It is in this sense that laziness, shamefacedness, and shame are reckoned as species of fear.

Reply Obj. 3:  The past deed may be the occasion of fear of future reproach or disgrace:  and in this sense shame is a species of fear.

Reply Obj. 4:  Not every amazement and stupor are species of fear, but that amazement which is caused by a great evil, and that stupor which arises from an unwonted evil.  Or else we may say that, just as laziness shrinks from the toil of external work, so amazement and stupor shrink from the difficulty of considering a great and unwonted thing, whether good or evil:  so that amazement and stupor stand in relation to the act of the intellect, as laziness does to external work.

Reply Obj. 5:  He who is amazed shrinks at present from forming a judgment of that which amazes him, fearing to fall short of the truth, but inquires afterwards:  whereas he who is overcome by stupor fears both to judge at present, and to inquire afterwards.  Wherefore amazement is a beginning of philosophical research:  whereas stupor is a hindrance thereto. ________________________

QUESTION 42

OF THE OBJECT OF FEAR
(In Six Articles)

We must now consider the object of fear:  under which head there are six points of inquiry: 

(1) Whether good or evil is the object of fear?

(2) Whether evil of nature is the object of fear?

(3) Whether the evil of sin is an object of fear?

(4) Whether fear itself can be feared?

(5) Whether sudden things are especially feared?

(6) Whether those things are more feared against which there is no remedy? ________________________