I answer that, Of all the soul’s passions, sorrow is most harmful to the body.  The reason of this is because sorrow is repugnant to man’s life in respect of the species of its movement, and not merely in respect of its measure or quantity, as is the case with the other passions of the soul.  For man’s life consists in a certain movement, which flows from the heart to the other parts of the body:  and this movement is befitting to human nature according to a certain fixed measure.  Consequently if this movement goes beyond the right measure, it will be repugnant to man’s life in respect of the measure of quantity; but not in respect of its specific character:  whereas if this movement be hindered in its progress, it will be repugnant to life in respect of its species.

Now it must be noted that, in all the passions of the soul, the bodily transmutation which is their material element, is in conformity with and in proportion to the appetitive movement, which is the formal element:  just as in everything matter is proportionate to form.  Consequently those passions that imply a movement of the appetite in pursuit of something, are not repugnant to the vital movement as regards its species, but they may be repugnant thereto as regards its measure:  such are love, joy, desire and the like; wherefore these passions conduce to the well-being of the body; though, if they be excessive, they may be harmful to it.  On the other hand, those passions which denote in the appetite a movement of flight or contraction, are repugnant to the vital movement, not only as regards its measure, but also as regards its species; wherefore they are simply harmful:  such are fear and despair, and above all sorrow which depresses the soul by reason of a present evil, which makes a stronger impression than future evil.

Reply Obj. 1:  Since the soul naturally moves the body, the spiritual movement of the soul is naturally the cause of bodily transmutation.  Nor is there any parallel with spiritual images, because they are not naturally ordained to move such other bodies as are not naturally moved by the soul.

Reply Obj. 2:  Other passions imply a bodily transmutation which is specifically in conformity with the vital movement:  whereas sorrow implies a transmutation that is repugnant thereto, as stated above.

Reply Obj. 3:  A lesser cause suffices to hinder the use of reason, than to destroy life:  since we observe that many ailments deprive one of the use of reason, before depriving one of life.  Nevertheless fear and anger cause very great harm to the body, by reason of the sorrow which they imply, and which arises from the absence of the thing desired.  Moreover sorrow too sometimes deprives man of the use of reason:  as may be seen in those who through sorrow become a prey to melancholy or madness. ________________________

QUESTION 38

OF THE REMEDIES OF SORROW OR PAIN
(In Four Articles)