SIXTH ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 28, Art. 6]

Whether Love Is Cause of All That the Lover Does?

Objection 1:  It would seem that the lover does not do everything from love.  For love is a passion, as stated above (Q. 26, A. 2).  But man does not do everything from passion:  but some things he does from choice, and some things from ignorance, as stated in Ethic. v, 8.  Therefore not everything that a man does, is done from love.

Obj. 2:  Further, the appetite is a principle of movement and action in all animals, as stated in De Anima iii, 10.  If, therefore, whatever a man does is done from love, the other passions of the appetitive faculty are superfluous.

Obj. 3:  Further, nothing is produced at one and the same time by contrary causes.  But some things are done from hatred.  Therefore all things are not done from love.

On the contrary, Dionysius says (Div.  Nom. iv) that “all things, whatever they do, they do for the love of good.”

I answer that, Every agent acts for an end, as stated above (Q. 1, A. 2).  Now the end is the good desired and loved by each one.  Wherefore it is evident that every agent, whatever it be, does every action from love of some kind.

Reply Obj. 1:  This objection takes love as a passion existing in the sensitive appetite.  But here we are speaking of love in a general sense, inasmuch as it includes intellectual, rational, animal, and natural love:  for it is in this sense that Dionysius speaks of love in chapter iv of De Divinis Nominibus.

Reply Obj. 2:  As stated above (A. 5; Q. 27, A. 4) desire, sadness and pleasure, and consequently all the other passions of the soul, result from love.  Wherefore every act that proceeds from any passion, proceeds also from love as from a first cause:  and so the other passions, which are proximate causes, are not superfluous.

Reply Obj. 3:  Hatred also is a result of love, as we shall state further on (Q. 29, A. 2). ________________________

QUESTION 29

OF HATRED
(In Six Articles)

We must now consider hatred:  concerning which there are six points of inquiry: 

(1) Whether evil is the cause and the object of hatred?

(2) Whether love is the cause of hatred?

(3) Whether hatred is stronger than love?

(4) Whether a man can hate himself?

(5) Whether a man can hate the truth?

(6) Whether a thing can be the object of universal hatred?
________________________

FIRST ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 29, Art. 1]

Whether Evil Is the Cause and Object of Hatred?

Objection 1:  It would seem that evil is not the object and cause of hatred.  For everything that exists, as such, is good.  If therefore evil be the object of hatred, it follows that nothing but the lack of something can be the object of hatred:  which is clearly untrue.