Reply Obj. 2:  In matters that are evident, the reason makes no inquiry, but judges at once.  Consequently there is no need of counsel in all that is done by reason.

Reply Obj. 3:  When a thing can be accomplished by one means, but in different ways, doubt may arise, just as when it can be accomplished by several means:  hence the need of counsel.  But when not only the means, but also the way of using the means, is fixed, then there is no need of counsel. ________________________

FIFTH ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 14, Art. 5]

Whether the Process of Counsel Is One of Analysis?

Objection 1:  It would seem that the process of counsel is not one of analysis.  For counsel is about things that we do.  But the process of our actions is not one of analysis, but rather one of synthesis, viz. from the simple to the composite.  Therefore counsel does not always proceed by way of analysis.

Obj. 2:  Further, counsel is an inquiry of the reason.  But reason proceeds from things that precede to things that follow, according to the more appropriate order.  Since then, the past precedes the present, and the present precedes the future, it seems that in taking counsel one should proceed from the past and present to the future:  which is not an analytical process.  Therefore the process of counsel is not one of analysis.

Obj. 3:  Further, counsel is only of such things as are possible to us, according to Ethic. iii, 3.  But the question as to whether a certain thing is possible to us, depends on what we are able or unable to do, in order to gain such and such an end.  Therefore the inquiry of counsel should begin from things present.

On the contrary, The Philosopher says (Ethic. iii, 3) that “he who takes counsel seems to inquire and analyze.”

I answer that, In every inquiry one must begin from some principle.  And if this principle precedes both in knowledge and in being, the process is not analytic, but synthetic:  because to proceed from cause to effect is to proceed synthetically, since causes are more simple than effects.  But if that which precedes in knowledge is later in the order of being, the process is one of analysis, as when our judgment deals with effects, which by analysis we trace to their simple causes.  Now the principle in the inquiry of counsel is the end, which precedes indeed in intention, but comes afterwards into execution.  Hence the inquiry of counsel must needs be one of analysis, beginning that is to say, from that which is intended in the future, and continuing until it arrives at that which is to be done at once.

Reply Obj. 1:  Counsel is indeed about action.  But actions take their reason from the end; and consequently the order of reasoning about actions is contrary to the order of actions.

Reply Obj. 2:  Reason begins with that which is first according to reason; but not always with that which is first in point of time.