reduced by “the keenest pangs of poverty."[b] He confesses he was often obliged “to pen unedifying toys for gentlemen.”  When Harvey denounced him for “emulating Aretino’s licentiousness” he admitted that poverty had occasionally forced him to prostitute his pen “in hope of gain” by penning “amorous Villanellos and Quipasses for new-fangled galiards and newer Fantisticos.”  In fact, he seems rarely to have known what it was to be otherwise than the subject of distress and need.  As an example of these “unedifying toys” the present poem may, without much doubt, be cited, and an instance in penning which his “hope of gain” was realised.

It is a matter of history that Nash sought, and succeeded in obtaining for a time, the patronage of the Earl of Southampton, one of the most liberal men of his day, and a prominent figure in the declining years of Elizabeth.  “I once tasted,” Nash writes in 1593,[c] “the full spring of the Earl’s liberality.”  Record is also made of a visit paid by him to Lord Southampton and Sir George Carey, while the former was Governor, and the latter Captain-General, of the Isle of Wight.

From internal evidence it would seem that this poem was called forth by the Earl’s bounty to its author.  “My muse devorst from deeper (the Rawl.  MS. reads deepest) care, presents thee with a wanton elegie;” and further on, the dedication promises “better lines” which should “ere long” be penned in “honour” of his noble patron.  This promise is renewed in the epilogue:—­

  “My mynde once purg’d of such lascivious witt,
    With purifide words and hallowed verse,
    Thy praises in large volumes shall rehearse,
    That better maie thy grauer view befitt.”

Does this refer to “The Unfortunate Traveller; or, The Life of Jack Wilton,” generally regarded as Nash’s most ambitious work, and which he dedicated to Lord Southampton in 1593?  If so, and there is no evidence to gainsay the conclusion, we can fix the date of the present poem as, at all events, prior to 17th September of that year, when “The Unfortunate Traveller” was entered on the Stationers’ Register.[d] This would make Nash contemporaneous, if not prior to, Shakspeare in offering a tribute to the merits of the young patron (Southampton at that time was barely twenty years old) of the Muses. Venus and Adonis was entered on the Register of the Stationers’ Company about five months earlier, on the 18th April, 1593, and barely more than two months prior to the registration of “The Terrors of the Night.”

It is curious to note that while Shakspeare and Nash both promise “graver work” and “better lines,” they alike select amatory themes for their first offerings.  The promise in Shakspeare’s case was redeemed by the dedication to Southampton of “The Rape of Lucreece,” while it may be assumed, as aforesaid, that Nash followed suit with “The Unfortunate Traveller.”