scales, with not very even upper edges, as you see.  The upper or free edges of these scales are all directed towards the end of the hair, and away from the root.  But when you look at a hair in its natural state you cannot see these scales, so flat do they lie on the hair-shaft.  What you see are only irregular transverse lines across it.  Now I come to a matter of great importance, as will later on appear in connection with means for promoting felting properties.  If a hair such as described, with the scales lying flat on the shaft, be treated with certain substances or reagents which act upon and dissolve, or decompose or disintegrate its parts, then the free edges of these scales rise up, they “set their backs up,” so to say.  They, in fact, stand off like the scales of a fir-cone, and at length act like the fir-cone in ripening, at last becoming entirely loose.  As regards wool and fur, these scales are of the utmost importance, for very marked differences exist even in the wool of a single sheep, or the fur of a single hare.  It is the duty of the wool-sorter to distinguish and separate the various qualities in each fleece, and of the furrier to do the same in the case of each fur.  In short, upon the nature and arrangement and conformation of the scales on the hair-shafts, especially as regards those free upper edges, depends the distinction of the value of many classes of wool and fur.  These scales vary both as to nature and arrangement in the case of the hairs of different animals, so that by the aid of the microscope we have often a means of determining from what kind of animal the hair has been derived.  It is on the nature of this outside scaly covering of the shaft, and in the manner of attachment of these scaly plates, that the true distinction between wool and hair rests.  The principal epidermal characteristic of a true wool is the capacity of its fibres to felt or mat together.  This arises from the greater looseness of the scaly covering of the hair, so that when opposing hairs come into contact, the scales interlock (see Fig. 9), and thus the fibres are held together.  Just as with hair, the scales of which have their free edges pointing upwards away from the root, and towards the extremity of the hair, so with wool.  When the wool is on the back of the sheep, the scales of the woolly hair all point in the same direction, so that while maintained in that attitude the individual hairs slide over one another, and do not tend to felt or mat; if they did, woe betide the animal.  The fact of the peculiar serrated, scaly structure of hair and wool is easily proved by working a hair between the fingers.  If, for instance, a human hair be placed between finger and thumb, and gently rubbed by the alternate motion of finger and thumb together, it will then invariably move in the direction of the root, quite independently of the will of the person performing the test.  A glance at the form of the typical wool fibres shown (see Fig. 10), will show the considerable difference between