=Carthage.=—­A colony of Tyre surpassed even her in power.  In the ninth century some Tyrians, exiled by a revolution, founded on the shore of Africa near Tunis the city of Carthage.  A woman led them, Elissar, whom we call Dido (the fugitive).  The inhabitants of the country, says the legend, were willing to sell her only as much land as could be covered by a bull’s hide; but she cut the hide in strips so narrow that it enclosed a wide territory; and there she constructed a citadel.  Situated at the centre of the Mediterranean, provided with two harbors, Carthage flourished, sent out colonies in turn, made conquests, and at last came to reign over all the coasts of Africa, Spain, and Sardinia.  Everywhere she had agencies for her commerce and subjects who paid her tribute.

=The Carthaginian Army.=—­To protect her colonies from the natives, to hold her subjects in check who were always ready to revolt, a strong army was necessary.  But the life of a Carthaginian was too valuable to risk it without necessity.  Carthage preferred to pay mercenary soldiers, recruiting them among the barbarians of her empire and among the adventurers of all countries.  Her army was a bizarre aggregation in which all languages were spoken, all religions practised, and in which every soldier wore different arms and costume.  There were seen Numidians clothed in lion skins which served them as couch, mounted bareback on small fleet horses, and drawing the bow with horse at full gallop; Libyans with black skins, armed with pikes; Iberians from Spain in white garments adorned with red, armed with a long pointed sword; Gauls, naked to the girdle, bearing enormous shields and a rounded sword which they held in both hands; natives of the Balearic Islands, trained from infancy to sling with stones or balls of lead.  The generals were Carthaginians; the government distrusted them, watched them closely, and when they were defeated, had them crucified.

=The Carthaginians.=—­Carthage had two kings, but the senate was the real power, being composed of the richest merchants of the city.  And so every state question for this government became a matter of commerce.  The Carthaginians were hated by all other peoples, who found them cruel, greedy, and faithless.  And yet, since they had a good fleet, had money to purchase soldiers, and possessed an energetic government, they succeeded in the midst of barbarous and divided peoples in maintaining their empire over the western Mediterranean for 300 years (from the sixth to the third century B.C.).

=The Phoenician Religion.=—­The Phoenicians and the Carthaginians had a religion similar to that of the Chaldeans.  The male god, Baal, is a sun-god; for the sun and the moon are in the eyes of the Phoenicians the great forces which create and which destroy.  Each of the cities of Phoenicia has therefore its divine pair:  at Sidon it is Baal Sidon (the sun) and Astoreth (the moon); at Gebel, Baal Tammouz and