1 The incidents related in this tale appear to have taken place at Mantua and Ferrara.  M. de Montaiglon, however, believes that they happened at Lyons, and that Margaret laid the scene of her story in Italy, so that the personages she refers to might not be identified.  The subject of the tale is similar to that of the poem called L’Amant rendu Cordelier a l’Observance et Amour, which may perhaps have supplied the Queen of Navarre with the plot of her narrative.—­M. and Ed.

2 This was John Francis ii. of Gonzaga, who was born in 1466, and succeeded his father, Frederic I., in 1484.  He took an active part in the wars of the time, commanding the Venetian troops when Charles viii. invaded Italy, and afterwards supporting Ludovico Sforza in the defence of Milan.  When Sforza abandoned the struggle against France, the Marquis of Mantua joined the French king, for whom he acted as viceroy of Naples.  Ultimately, however, he espoused the cause of the Emperor Maximilian, when the latter was at war with Venice in 1509, and being surprised and defeated while camping on the island of La Scala, he fled in his shirt and hid himself in a field, where, by the treachery of a peasant who had promised him secrecy, he was found and taken prisoner.  By the advice of Pope Julius ii., the Venetians set him at liberty after he had undergone a year’s imprisonment.  In 1490 John Francis married Isabella d’Este, daughter of Hercules I. Duke of Ferrara, by whom he had several children.  He died at Mantua in March 1519, his widow surviving him until 1539.  Among the many dignities acquired by the Marquis in the course of his singularly chequered life was that of gonfalonier of the Holy Church, conferred upon him by Julius ii.—­L. and En.

The Marchioness, who desired that Pauline should through her favour make a more wealthy marriage, discouraged her as much as she could from wedding the gentleman, and often hindered the two lovers from talking together, pointing out to them that, should the marriage take place, they would be the poorest and sorriest couple in all Italy.  But such argument as this was by no means convincing to the gentleman, and though Pauline, on her side, dissembled her love as well as she could, she none the less thought about him as often as before.

With the hope that time would bring them better fortune, this love of theirs continued for a long while, during which it chanced that a war broke out (3) and that the gentleman was taken prisoner along with a Frenchman, whose heart was bestowed in France even as was his own in Italy.