On the other hand, in New England and New York the Negroes were merely house servants or farm hands, and were treated neither better nor worse than servants in general in those days.  Between these two extremes, the system of slavery varied from a mild serfdom in Pennsylvania and New Jersey to an aristocratic caste system in Maryland and Virginia.

FOOTNOTES: 

  [1] This account is based largely on the Report of the Lords
      of the Committee of Council, etc. (London, 1789).

  [2] African trading-companies had previously been erected
     (e.g. by Elizabeth in 1585 and 1588, and by James I. in 1618);
      but slaves are not specifically mentioned in their charters,
      and they probably did not trade in slaves.  Cf.  Bandinel,
      Account of the Slave Trade (1842), pp. 38-44.

  [3] Chartered by Charles I. Cf.  Sainsbury, Cal.  State Papers,
      Col.  Ser., America and W. Indies, 1574-1660, p. 135.

  [4] In 1651, during the Protectorate, the privileges of the
      African trade were granted anew to this same company for
      fourteen years.  Cf.  Sainsbury, Cal.  State Papers, Col.  Ser.,
      America and W. Indies, 1574-1660, pp. 342, 355.

  [5] Sainsbury, Cal.  State Papers, Col.  Ser., America and W.
      Indies, 1661-1668, Sec. 408.

  [6] Sainsbury, Cal.  State Papers, Col.  Ser., America and W.
      Indies, 1669-1674, Sec.Sec. 934, 1095.

  [7] Quoted in the above Report, under “Most Material
      Proceedings in the House of Commons,” Vol.  I. Part I. An import
      duty of 10% on all goods, except Negroes, imported from Africa
      to England and the colonies was also laid.  The proceeds of
      these duties went to the Royal African Company.

  [8] Cf.  Appendix A.

  [9] Bandinel, Account of the Slave Trade, p. 59.  Cf.  Bryan
      Edwards, History of the British Colonies in the W. Indies
      (London, 1798), Book VI.

 [10] From 1729 to 1788, including compensation to the old
      company, Parliament expended L705,255 on African companies.  Cf.
      Report, etc., as above.

 [11] Various amendatory statutes were passed:  e.g., 24 George
      II. ch. 49, 25 George II. ch. 40, 4 George III. ch. 20, 5
      George III. ch. 44, 23 George III. ch. 65.

 [12] Renatus Enys from Surinam, in 1663:  Sainsbury, Cal. 
      State Papers, Col.  Ser., America and W. Indies, 1661-68, Sec.
      577.

 [13] Thomas Lynch from Jamaica, in 1665:  Sainsbury, Cal. 
      State Papers, Col.  Ser., America and W. Indies, 1661-68, Sec.
      934.

 [14] Lieutenant-Governor Willoughby of Barbadoes, in 1666: 
      Sainsbury, Cal.  State Papers, Col.  Ser., America and W.
      Indies, 1661-68, Sec. 1281.