[88] From an intercepted circular despatch from J.P.  Benjamin,
      “Secretary of State,” addressed in this particular instance to
      Hon. L.Q.C.  Lamar, “Commissioner, etc., St. Petersburg,
      Russia,” and dated Richmond, Jan. 15, 1863; published in the
      National Intelligencer, March 31, 1863; cf. also the issues
      of Feb. 19, 1861, April 2, 3, 25, 1863; also published in the
      pamphlet, The African Slave-Trade:  The Secret Purpose, etc. 
      The editors vouch for its authenticity, and state it to be in
      Benjamin’s own handwriting.

 [89] L.W.  Spratt of South Carolina, in the Southern Literary
      Messenger, June, 1861, XXXII. 414, 420.  Cf. also the
      Charleston Mercury, Feb. 13, 1861, and the National
      Intelligencer, Feb. 19, 1861.

 [90] Captain Gordon of the slaver “Erie;” condemned in the
      U.S.  District Court for Southern New York in 1862.  Cf. Senate
      Exec.  Doc., 37 Cong. 2 sess.  I. No. 1, p. 13.

 [91] Ibid., pp. 453-4.

 [92] Statutes at Large, XII. 132, 219, 639; XIII. 424; XIV.
      226, 415; XV. 58, 321.  The sum of $250,000 was also
      appropriated to return the slaves on the “Wildfire”:  Ibid.,
      XII. 40-41.

 [93] Statutes at Large, XII. 368-9.

 [94] Senate Exec.  Doc., 37 Cong. 2 sess.  I. No. 1, pp.
      453-4.

 [95] Statutes at Large, XII. 531.

 [96] For a time not exceeding five years:  Ibid., pp. 592-3.

 [97] By section 9 of an appropriation act for civil expenses,
      July 2, 1864:  Ibid., XIII. 353.

 [98] British officers attested this:  Diplomatic
      Correspondence, 1862, p. 285.

 [99] Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1866; House Exec. 
      Doc., 39 Cong. 2 sess.  IV. p. 12.

[100] There were some later attempts to legislate.  Sumner
      tried to repeal the Act of 1803:  Congressional Globe, 41
      Cong. 2 sess. pp. 2894, 2932, 4953, 5594.  Banks introduced a
      bill to prohibit Americans owning or dealing in slaves abroad: 
      House Journal, 42 Cong. 2 sess. p. 48.  For the legislation
      of the Confederate States, cf.  Mason, Veto Power, 2d ed.,
      Appendix C, No. 1.

* * * * *

Chapter XII

THE ESSENTIALS IN THE STRUGGLE.

92.  How the Question Arose. 93.  The Moral Movement. 94.  The Political Movement. 95.  The Economic Movement. 96.  The Lesson for Americans.

92. How the Question Arose. We have followed a chapter of history which is of peculiar interest to the sociologist.  Here was a rich new land, the wealth of which was to be had in return for ordinary