80.  The Movement against the Slave-Trade Laws. 81.  Commercial Conventions of 1855-56. 82.  Commercial Conventions of 1857-58. 83.  Commercial Convention of 1859. 84.  Public Opinion in the South. 85.  The Question in Congress. 86.  Southern Policy in 1860. 87.  Increase of the Slave-Trade from 1850 to 1860. 88.  Notorious Infractions of the Laws. 89.  Apathy of the Federal Government. 90.  Attitude of the Southern Confederacy. 91.  Attitude of the United States.

80. The Movement against the Slave-Trade Laws. It was not altogether a mistaken judgment that led the constitutional fathers to consider the slave-trade as the backbone of slavery.  An economic system based on slave labor will find, sooner or later, that the demand for the cheapest slave labor cannot long be withstood.  Once degrade the laborer so that he cannot assert his own rights, and there is but one limit below which his price cannot be reduced.  That limit is not his physical well-being, for it may be, and in the Gulf States it was, cheaper to work him rapidly to death; the limit is simply the cost of procuring him and keeping him alive a profitable length of time.  Only the moral sense of a community can keep helpless labor from sinking to this level; and when a community has once been debauched by slavery, its moral sense offers little resistance to economic demand.  This was the case in the West Indies and Brazil; and although better moral stamina held the crisis back longer in the United States, yet even here the ethical standard of the South was not able to maintain itself against the demands of the cotton industry.  When, after 1850, the price of slaves had risen to a monopoly height, the leaders of the plantation system, brought to the edge of bankruptcy by the crude and reckless farming necessary under a slave regime, and baffled, at least temporarily, in their quest of new rich land to exploit, began instinctively to feel that the only salvation of American slavery lay in the reopening of the African slave-trade.

It took but a spark to put this instinctive feeling into words, and words led to deeds.  The movement first took definite form in the ever radical State of South Carolina.  In 1854 a grand jury in the Williamsburg district declared, “as our unanimous opinion, that the Federal law abolishing the African Slave Trade is a public grievance.  We hold this trade has been and would be, if re-established, a blessing to the American people, and a benefit to the African himself."[1] This attracted only local attention; but when, in 1856, the governor of the State, in his annual message, calmly argued at length for a reopening of the trade, and boldly declared that “if we cannot supply the demand for slave labor, then we must expect to be supplied with a species of labor we do not want,"[2] such words struck even Southern ears like “a thunder clap in a calm day."[3] And yet it needed but a few years to show that South Carolina had merely been the first to put into words the inarticulate thought of a large minority, if not a majority, of the inhabitants of the Gulf States.