Thus we have first a stage of fatherless, natural conception, corresponding with the philosophical theories which maintained that all created things had sprung from the elements.  Later ages discovered a spiritual principle, a becoming, or an eternal being, and finally a conflict between spirit and matter.

But the general attitude towards sexual intercourse underwent a change as soon as here and there individuals appeared who were conscious of their individuality.  Natural selection could not come into play in a community the members of which resembled one another so closely that all personal characteristics were obliterated in a general monotony.  One woman was as good as another, although in all probability a healthy, youthful and strong individual would be preferred to a sickly, puny specimen.  But apart from this, the wish to choose a partner instead of being content with the first comer, must have coincided historically with the outward, and later on with the inward differentiation of the race.  I cannot prove my theory by quoting chapter and verse from ancient writers, but obviously a feeling of preference could not have arisen until individuals had begun to show very noticeable traces of difference.  Therefore with growing differentiation a new factor—­modest at first and operating within narrow limits—­the factor of choice, had come into the sexual life.  The slow development of personality gave birth to the feeling which rebelled against universal sexual intercourse and gynecocracy in general.  The men desired to shape their own world; they had no share in the immortality of maternal life.  As (relatively speaking) single individuals they stood over against the material bond of the generations living in the chain of the mothers.  Demigods, the sons of the gods of light and mortal mothers, were credited with the salvation of men from a confused, chaotic existence, and the introduction of new conditions of life, no longer based on the dictates of nature but on the moulding genius of man.  “Hercules, Theseus and Perseus overthrew the ancient powers of darkness.  They laid the foundations of man’s great achievement, civilisation, and were the first to worship the gods of light.  They delivered humanity from the gross materialism in which it had hitherto been steeped; they were the awakeners of spiritual life, which is a higher life than the life of the senses; they were as incorruptible as the sun from whence they came, the heroes of a new civilisation distinguished by gentleness, a higher endeavour and a new dispensation.” (Bachofen.)

Heinrich Schurtz has proved (though not in connection with matriarchy) that side by side with the family, unions of unmarried men existed in many countries at a very early time.  The object of these unions, which had nothing of the rigidity of blood-relationship, was fellowship.  As soon as the boys had outgrown the care of their mother they were compelled to combine for the purpose of playing games and later on for