pp. 241-2:  The travel report of Ch’ang-ch’un has been translated by A. Waley, The Travels of an Alchemist, London 1931.

p. 242:  Hsi-hsiang-chi has been translated by S. I. Hsiung. The Romance of the Western Chamber, London 1935.  All important analytic literature on drama and theatre is written by Chinese and Japanese authors, especially by Yoshikawa Kojiro.—­For Bon and early Lamaism, I used H. Hoffmann.

p. 243:  Lamaism in Mongolia disappeared later, however, and was re-introduced in the reformed form (Tsong-kha-pa, 1358-1419) in the sixteenth century.  See R. J. Miller, Monasteries and Culture Change in Inner Mongolia, Wiesbaden 1959.

p. 245:  Much more research is necessary to clarify Japanese-Chinese relations in this period, especially to determine the size of trade.  Good material is in the article by S. Iwao.  Important is also S. Sakuma and an article in Li-shih yen-chiu 1955, No. 3.  For the loss of coins, I relied upon D. Brown.

p. 246:  The necessity of transports of grain and salt was one of the reasons for the emergence of the Hsin-an and Hui-chou merchants.  The importance of these developments is only partially known (studies mainly by H. Fujii and in Li-shih-yen-chiu 1955, No. 3).  Data are also in an unpublished thesis by Ch.  Mac Sherry, The Impairment of the Ming Tributary System, and in an article by Wang Ch’ung-wu.

p. 247:  The tax system of the Ming has been studied among others by Liang Fang-chung.  Yoshiyuki Suto analysed the methods of tax evasion in the periods before the reform.  For the land grants, I used Wan Kuo-ting’s data.

p. 248:  Based mainly upon my own research.  On the progress of agriculture wrote Li Chien-nung and also Kato Shigeru and others.

p. 250:  I believe that further research would discover that the “agrarian revolution” was a key factor in the economic and social development of China.  It probably led to another change in dietary habits; it certainly led to a greater labour input per person, i.e. a higher number of full working days per year than before.  It may be—­but only further research can try to show this—­that the “agrarian revolution” turned China away from technology and industry.—­On cotton and its importance see the studies by M. Amano, and some preliminary remarks by P. Pelliot.

p. 250-1:  Detailed study of Central Chinese urban centres in this time is a great desideratum.  My remarks here have to be taken as very preliminary.  Notice the special character of the industries mentioned!—­The porcelain centre of Ching-te-chen was inhabited by workers and merchants (70-80 per cent of population); there were more than 200 private kilns.—­On indented labour see Li Chien-nung, H. Iwami and Y. Yamane.

p. 253:  On pien-wen I used R. Michihata, and for this general discussion R. Irvin, The Evolution of a Chinese Novel, Cambridge, Mass., 1953, and studies by J. Jaworski and J. Prusek.  Many texts of pien-wen and related styles have been found in Tunhuang and have been recently republished by Chinese scholars.