p. 197:  The problem of social mobility is now under study, after preliminary research by K. A. Wittfogel, E. Kracke, myself and others.  E. Kracke, Ho Ping-ti, R. M. Marsh and I are now working on this topic.—­For the craftsmen and artisans, much material has recently been collected by Chinese scholars.  I have used mainly Li Chien-nung and articles in Li-shih yen-chiu 1955, No. 3 and in Mem.  Inst.  Orient.  Cult. 1956.—­On the origin of guilds see Kato Shigeru; a general study of guilds and their function has not yet been made (preliminary work by P. Maybon, H. B. Morse, J. St. Burgess, K. A. Wittfogel and others).  Comparisons with Near-Eastern guilds on the one hand and with Japanese guilds on the other, are quite interesting but parallels should not be over-estimated.  The tong of U. S. Chinatowns (tang in Mandarin) are late and organizations of businessmen only (S.  Yokoyama and Laai Yi-faai).  They are not the same as the hui-kuan.

p. 198:  For the merchants I used Ch’ue T’ung-tsu, Sung Hsi and Wada Kiyoshi.—­For trade, I used extensively Ch’uean Han-sheng and J. Kuwabara.—­On labour legislation in early modern times I used Ko Ch’ang-chi and especially Li Chien-nung, also my own studies.—­On strikes I used Kato Shigeru and modern Chinese authors.—­The problem of “vagrants” has been taken up by Li Chien-nung who always refers to the original sources and to modern Chinese research.—­The growth of cities, perhaps the most striking event in this period, has been studied for the earlier part of our period by Kato Shigeru.  Li Chien-nung also deals extensively with investments in industry and agriculture.  The problem as to whether China would have developed into an industrial society without outside stimulus is much discussed by Marxist authors in China.

p. 199:  On money policy see Yang Lien-sheng, Kato Shigeru and others.

p. 200:  The history of one of the Southern Dynasties has been translated by Ed. H. Schafer, The Empire of Min, Tokyo 1954; Schafer’s annotations provide much detail for the cultural and economic conditions of the coastal area.—­For tea and its history, I use my own research; for tea trade a study by K. Kawakami and an article in the Frontier Studies, vol. 3, 1943.—­Salt consumption according to H. T. Fei, Earthbound China, 1945, p. 163.

p. 201:  For salt I used largely my own research.  For porcelain production Li Chien-nung and other modern articles.—­On paper, the classical study is Th.  F. Carter, The Invention of Printing in China, New York 1925 (a revised edition now published by L. C. Goodrich).

p. 202:  For paper money in the early period, see Yang Lien-sheng, Money and Credit in China, Cambridge, Mass., 1952.  Although the origin of paper money seems to be well established, it is interesting to note that already in the third century A.D. money made of paper was produced and was burned during funeral ceremonies to serve as financial help for the dead.  This money was, however, in the form of coins.—­On iron money see Yang Lien-sheng; I also used an article in Tung-fang tsa-chih, vol. 35, No. 10.