p. 147:  Zenryu Tsukamoto has analysed one such popular, revolutionary Buddhist text from the fifth century A.D.  I rely here for the whole chapter mainly upon my own research.

p. 150:  On the Ephtalites (or Hephtalites) see R. Ghirshman and Enoki.—­The carpet ceremony has been studied by P. Boodberg, and in a comparative way by L. Olschki, The Myth of Felt, Berkeley 1949.

p. 151:  For Yang Chien and his time see now A. F. Wright, “The Formation of Sui Ideology” in John K. Fairbank, Chinese Thought and Institutions, Chicago 1957, pp. 71-104.

p. 153:  The processes described here, have not yet been thoroughly analysed.  A preliminary review of literature is given by H. Wiens, China’s March towards the Tropics, Hamden 1954.  I used Ch’en Yuean, Wang Yi-t’ung and my own research.

p. 154:  It is interesting to compare such hunting parks with the “paradeisos” (Paradise) of the Near East and with the “Garden of Eden".—­Most of the data on gardens and manors have been brought together and studied by Japanese scholars, especially by Kato Shigeru, some also by Ho Tzu-ch’uean.—­The disappearance of “village commons” in China should be compared with the same process in Europe; both processes, however, developed quite differently.  The origin of manors and their importance for the social structure of the Far East (China as well as Japan) is the subject of many studies in Japan and in modern China.  This problem is connected with the general problem of feudalism East and West.  The manor (chuang:  Japanese sho) in later periods has been studied by Y. Sudo.  H. Maspero also devotes attention to this problem.  Much more research remains to be done.

p. 158:  This popular rebellion by Sun En has been studied by W. Eichhorn.

p. 163:  On foreign music in China see L. C. Goodrich and Ch’ue T’ung-tsu, H. G. Farmer, S. Kishibe and others.—­Niida Noboru pointed out that musicians belonged to one of the lower social classes, but had special privileges because of their close relations to the rulers.

p. 164:  Meditative or Ch’an (Japanese:  Zen) Buddhism in this period has been studied by Hu Shih, but further analysis is necessary.—­The philosophical trends of this period have been analysed by E. Balazs.—­Mention should also be made of the aesthetic-philosophical conversation which was fashionable in the third century, but in other form still occurred in our period, the so-called “pure talk” (ch’ing-t’an) (E.  Balazs, H. Wilhelm and others).

Chapter Eight

p. 167:  For genealogies and rules of giving names, I use my own research and the study by W. Bauer.

p. 168:  For Emperor Wen Ti, I rely mainly upon A. F. Wright’s above-mentioned article, but also upon O. Franke.