p. 135:  The important deities of Khotan Buddhism are Vaisramana and Kubera, (research by P. Demieville, R. Stein and others).—­Where, how, and why Hinayana and Mahayana developed as separate sects, is not yet studied.  Also, a sociological analysis of the different Buddhist sects in China has not even been attempted yet.

p. 136:  Such public religious disputations were known also in India.

p. 137:  Analysis of the tribal names has been made by L. Bazin.

p. 138-9:  The personality type which was the ideal of the Toba corresponded closely to the type described by G. Geesemann, Heroische Lebensform, Berlin 1943.

p. 142:  The Toba occur in contemporary Western sources as Tabar, Tabgac, Tafkac and similar names.  The ethnic name also occurs as a title (O.  Pritsak, P. Pelliot, W. Haussig and others).—­On the chuen-t’ien system cf. the article by Wan Kuo-ting in E-tu Zen Sun, Chinese Social History, Washington 1956, p. 157-184.  I also used Yoshimi Matsumoto and T’ang Ch’ang-ju.—­Census fragments from Tunhuang have been published by L. Giles, Niida Noboru and other Japanese scholars.

p. 143:  On slaves for the earlier time see M. Wilbur, Slavery in China during the Former Han Dynasty, Chicago 1943.  For our period Wang Yi-t’ung and especially Niida Noboru and Ch’ue T’ung-tsu.  I used for this discussion Niida, Ch’ue and Tamai Korehiro.—­For the pu-ch’ue I used in addition Yang Chung-i, H. Maspero, E. Balazs, W. Eichhorn.  Yang’s article is translated in E-tu Zen Sun’s book, Chinese Social History, pp. 142-56.—­The question of slaves and their importance in Chinese society has always been given much attention by Chinese Communist authors.  I believe that a clear distinction between slaves and serfs is very important.

p. 145:  The political use of Buddhism has been asserted for Japan as well as for Korea and Tibet (H.  Hoffmann, Quellen zur Geschichte der tibetischen Bon-Religion, Mainz 1950, p. 220 f.).  A case could be made for Burma.  In China, Buddhism was later again used as a tool by rulers (see below).

p. 146:  The first text in which such problems of state versus church are mentioned is Mou Tzu (P.  Pelliot transl.).  More recently, some of the problems have been studied by R. Michihata and E. Zuercher.  Michihata also studied the temple slaves.  Temple families were slightly different.  They have been studied mainly by R. Michihata, J. Gernet and Wang Yi-t’ung.  The information on T’an-yao is mainly in Wei-shu 114 (transl.  J. Ware).—­The best work on Yuen-kang is now Seiichi Mizuno and Toshio Nagahiro, Yuen-kang.  The Buddhist Cave-Temples of the Fifth Century A.D. in North China, Kyoto 1951-6, thus far 16 volumes.  For Chinese Buddhist art, the work by Tokiwa Daijo and Sekino Tadashi, Chinese Buddhist Monuments, Tokyo 1926-38, 5 volumes, is most profusely illustrated.—­As a general reader for the whole of Chinese art, Alexander Soper and L. Sickman’s The Art and Architecture of China, Baltimore 1956 may be consulted.