p. 102:  For the “church” I rely mainly upon H. Maspero and W. Eichhorn.

p. 103:  I use here concepts developed by Cheng Chen-to and especially by Jung Chao-tsu.

p. 104:  Wang Ch’ung’s importance has recently been mentioned again by J. Needham.

p. 105:  These “court poets” have their direct parallel in Western Asia.  This trend, however, did not become typical in China.—­On the general history of paper read A. Kroeber, Anthropology, New York 1948, p. 490f., and Dard Hunter, Paper Making, New York 1947 (2nd ed.).

Chapter Seven

p. 109:  The main historical sources for this period have been translated by Achilles Fang, The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Cambridge, Mass. 1952; the epic which describes this time is C. H. Brewitt-Taylor, San Kuo, or Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shanghai 1925.

p. 112:  For problems of migration and settlement in the South, we relied in part upon research by Ch’en Yuean and Wang Yi-t’ung.

p. 114:  For the history of the Hsiung-nu I am relying mainly upon my own studies.

p. 117:  This analysis of tribal structure is based mainly upon my own research; it differs in detail from the studies by E. Bacon, Obok, a Study of Social Structure in Eurasia, New York 1958, B. Vladimirtsov, O. Lattimore’s Inner Asian Frontiers of China, New York 1951 (2nd edit.) and the studies by L. M. J. Schram, The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier, Philadelphia 1954 and 1957.

p. 118:  The use of the word “Huns” does not imply that we identify the early or the late Hsiung-nu with the European Huns.  This question is still very much under discussion (O.  Maenchen, W. Haussig, W. Henning, and others).

p. 119:  For the history of the early Hsien-pi states see the monograph by G. Schreiber, “The History of the Former Yen Dynasty”, in Monomenta Serica, vol. 14 and 15 (1949-56).  For all translations from Chinese Dynastic Histories of the period between 220 and 960 the Catalogue of Translations from the Chinese Dynastic Histories for the Period 220-960, by Hans H. Frankel, Berkeley 1957, is a reliable guide.

p. 125:  For the description of conditions in Turkestan, especially in Tunhuang, I rely upon my own studies, but studies by A. von Gabein, L. Ligeti, J. R. Ware, O. Franke and Tsukamoto Zenryu have been used, too.

p. 133:  These songs have first been studied by Hu Shih, later by Chinese folklorists.

p. 134:  For problems of Chinese Buddhism see Arthur F. Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History, Stanford 1959, with further bibliography.  I have used for this and later periods, in addition to my own sociological studies, R. Michihata, J. Gernet, and Tamai Korehiro.—­It is interesting that the rise of land-owning temples in India occurred at exactly the same time (R.  S. Sharma in Journ.  Econ. and Soc.  Hist.  Orient, vol. 1, 1958, p. 316).  Perhaps even more interesting, but still unstudied, is the existence of Buddhist temples in India which owned land and villages which were donated by contributions from China.—­For the use of foreign monks in Chinese bureaucracies, I have used M. Weber’s theory as an interpretative tool.