“The law of gravitation suffers no alteration, whether it cause the
    fall of an apple or shape the orbit of a planet” (p. 40).

Of course the “law” suffers no alteration, but the force of gravitation suffers considerable modification if you catch the apple in your hand, or if the planet has an impulse given to it which compels it to career round the sun instead of falling upon his surface.  Again (page 40):—­

“The harmonious action of physical laws, and their adaptability to an infinite variety of forms, constitutes the perfection of that code which produces the order of nature.  The mere superiority of man over lower forms of organic and inorganic matter does not lift him above physical laws, and the analogy of every grade in nature forbids the presumption that higher forms may exist which are exempt from their control.”

The number of fallacies in this short passage is remarkable.  In the first place laws never act, i.e. of themselves.  They have to be administered.  Forces or powers act under the restraint of laws.  I think I am right in saying that all physical laws, as distinguished from forces, are limitations of force.  No man can conceive of a law acting by itself.  There is no such thing, for instance, as a “Reign of Law.”  A power acts or, if you please, reigns, according to a law, but laws of themselves can do nothing.

Again, the author says, “The mere superiority of man over lower forms of organic and inorganic matter does not lift him above physical laws.”

Yes, it does, partially at least, for it enables him, in his sphere, to control the very forces whose action is limited by laws.  The superiority of man is shown in his control of the powers of nature, and making them obey his will.  All such inventions as the steam engine or the electric telegraph lift man above certain physical laws, by enabling him to control the forces with which those laws have to do.

Again, he writes:  “The analogy of every grade in nature forbids the presumption that higher forms may exist which are exempt from their control.”  On the contrary, we assert that the analogy of every grade in nature encourages the presumption that higher forms may exist which can control these forces of nature far more directly and perfectly than we can.

To proceed.  In page 41 we read:—­

“If in animated beings we have the solitary instance of an efficient cause acting among the forces of nature, and possessing the power of initiation, this efficient cause produces no disturbance of physical law.”

I cite this place, in order to draw attention to what I suppose must have struck the careful reader, which is the application of the term “solitary instance” to the action of animated beings amongst the forces of nature.  If there had been but one animated being in existence, such an epithet might not have been out of place; but when one considers that the