to white pigments, which ordinarily represents an extreme contrast of about one to thirty.  The brightnesses due to light may vary from darkness to those of the light-sources themselves.  The decorator deals with secondary light—­that is, light reflected by more or less diffusely reflecting objects.  The lighting expert has at his command not only this secondary light but the primary light of the sources.  Lighting effects everywhere attract attention and even the modern merchant testifies that adequate lighting in his store is of advertising value.  In all the field of spectacular lighting the superiority of artificial light over natural light is demonstrated.

Light is a universal medium with which to attract attention and to enthrall mankind.  The civilizations of all ages have realized this natural power of light.  It has played a part in the festivals and triumphal processions from time immemorial and is still the most important feature of many celebrations.  In the early festivals fires, candles, and oil-lamps were used and fireworks were invented for the purpose.  Even to-day the pyrotechnical displays against the dark depths of the night sky hold mankind spellbound.  But these evanescent notes of light have been improved upon by more permanent displays on a huge scale.  Thirty years before the first practical installation of gas-lighting an exhibition of “Philosophical Fireworks” produced by the combustion of inflammable gases was given in several cities of England.

It is a long step from the array of flickering gas-flames with which the fronts of the buildings of the Soho works were illuminated a century ago to the wonderful lighting effects a century later at the Panama-Pacific Exposition.  Some who saw that original display of gas-jets totaling a few hundred candle-power described it as an “occasion of extraordinary splendour.”  What would they have said of the modern spectacular lighting at the Exposition where Ryan used in a single effect forty-eight large search-lights aggregating 2,600,000,000 beam candle-power!  No other comparison exemplifies more strikingly the progress of artificial lighting in the hundred years which have elapsed since it began to be developed.

The nature of the light-sources in the first half of the nineteenth century did not encourage spectacular or display lighting.  In fact, this phase of lighting chiefly developed along with electric lamps.  Of course, occasionally some temporary effect was attempted as in the case of illuminating the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London in 1872, but continued operation of the display was not entertained.  In the case of lighting this dome a large number of ship’s lanterns were used, but the result was unsatisfactory.  After this unsuccessful attempt at lighting St. Paul’s, a suggestion was made of “flooding it with electric light projected from various quarters.”  Spectacular lighting outdoors really began in earnest in the dawn of the twentieth century.