Such was the battle of Aboukir, in which Nelson achieved, with a force much inferior to the French, what he himself called, “not a victory, but a conquest.”  Three thousand French seamen reached the shore:  a greater number died.  Had the English admiral possessed frigates, he must have forced his way into the harbour of Alexandria, and seized the whole stores and transports of the army.  As things were, the best fleet of the Republic had ceased to be; the blockade of the coast was established:  and the invader, completely isolated from France, must be content to rely on his own arms and the resources of Egypt.

[Footnote 24:  At this period Egypt, though nominally governed by a pacha appointed by the Grand Seignior, was in reality in the hands of the Mamelukes; a singular body of men, who paid but little respect to any authority but that of their own chiefs.  Of these chiefs or beys there were twenty-four; each one of whom ruled over a separate district; who often warred with each other; and were as often in rebellion against their nominal sovereign.  According to the institutions of the Mamelukes their body was recruited solely by boys, chiefly of European birth, taken captive, and brought up from their earliest days in all military exercises.  These were promoted according to their merits; it being the custom that when a bey died, the bravest of his band succeeded him.  The Mamelukes thus formed a separate caste; and they oppressed most cruelly the population of the country which had fallen into their keeping.  The fellahs, or poor Arabs, who cultivate the soil, being compelled to pay exorbitantly for permission to do so, suffered the extreme of misery in the midst of great natural wealth.  The Cophts, supposed to be descended from the ancient Egyptian nation, discharged most civil functions under the Mamelukes, and had the trades and professions in their hands, but they also were oppressed intolerably by those haughty and ferocious soldiers.

The Mamelukes were considered by Napoleon to be, individually, the finest cavalry in the world.  They rode the noblest horses of Arabia, and were armed with the best weapons which the world could produce:  carbines, pistols, etc., from England, and sabres of the steel of Damascus.  Their skill in horsemanship was equal to their fiery valour.  With that cavalry and the French infantry, Buonaparte said, it would be easy to conquer the world.]

[Footnote 25:  This manoeuvre was first practised on the 12th of August, 1782, by Lord Rodney’s fleet; and, as appears to be now settled, at the suggestion of that admiral’s captain of the fleet, the late Sir Charles Douglas, Bart.]

[Footnote 26:  See the admirable Life of Nelson, by Southey; which will form one of the volumes of this Library.]

CHAPTER XII