A few days after, this poltroon was in his turn superseded by a brave veteran, General Dugommier, and Napoleon could at last count on having his efforts backed.  But, for the second time, the Representatives did their best to ruin his undertaking.  The siege had now lasted four months, provisions were scarce in the camp, and these civilians, never being able to comprehend what was meant by bestowing all this care on a place so far below the city as Little Gibraltar, wrote to Paris that they saw no chance of success, and hoped the government would agree with them that the siege ought to be abandoned.  Two days before this letter reached Paris, Toulon had fallen, and the Representatives gave out that the despatch was a forgery.

The moment had at last come when Buonaparte judged it right to make his grand attempt.  During the night of the 17th of December he threw 8000 bombs and shells into Little Gibraltar, and the works being thus shattered, at daybreak Dugommier commanded the assault.  The French, headed by the brave Muiron, rushed with impetuous valour through the embrasures, and put the whole garrison to the sword.  The day was spent in arranging the batteries, so as to command the shipping; and next morning—­so true had been Buonaparte’s prophecy—­when the French stood to their posts, the English fleet was discovered to be already under weigh.

Then followed a fearful scene.  The English would not quit Toulon without destroying the French ships and arsenals that had fallen into their possession; nor could they refuse to carry with them the Antijacobin inhabitants, who knew that their lives would be instantly sacrificed if they should fall into the hands of the victorious Republicans, and who now flocked to the beach to the number of 14,000, praying for the means of escape.  The burning of ships, the explosion of magazines, the roar of artillery, and the cries of these fugitives, filled up many hours.  At last the men-of-war were followed by a flotilla bearing those miserable exiles; the walls were abandoned; and Dugommier took possession of the place.

The Republicans found that all persons of condition, who had taken part against them, had escaped; and their rage was to be contented with meaner victims.  A day or two having been suffered to pass in quiet, a proclamation, apparently friendly, exhorted the workmen, who had been employed on the batteries of the besieged town, to muster at headquarters.  One hundred and fifty poor men, who expected to be employed again in repairing the same fortifications obeyed this summons—­were instantly marched into a field—­and shot in cold blood; not less than a thousand persons were massacred under circumstances equally atrocious.  Buonaparte himself repelled with indignation the charge of having had a hand in this butchery.  Even if he had, he was not the chief in command, and durst not have disobeyed orders but at the sacrifice of his own life.  It is on all sides admitted that a family of royalists, being