assumed the conduct of affairs in most of the cities and provinces, renounced the yoke of France, reproclaimed Ferdinand king, and at the maritime stations of chief importance entered into communication with the English fleets, from whom they failed not to receive pecuniary supplies, and every encouragement to proceed in their measures.  Deputies were sent to England without delay; and welcomed there with the utmost enthusiasm of sympathy and admiration.  England could both speak and act openly.  Throughout the whole of the enslaved continent the news of the Spanish insurrection was brooded over with a sullen joy.

Napoleon received the intelligence with alarm; but he had already gone too far to retract without disturbing the magical influence of his reputation.  He, moreover, was willing to flatter himself that the lower population of Spain alone took an active part in these transactions; that the nobility, whose degradation he could hardly over-estimate, would abide by his voice; in a word, that with 80,000 troops in Spain, besides Junot’s army in Portugal, he possessed the means of suppressing the tumult after the first effervescence should have escaped.  He proceeded, therefore, to act precisely as if no insurrection had occurred.  Tranquillity being re-established in Madrid, the Council of Castile were convoked, and commanded to elect a new sovereign:  their choice had of course been settled beforehand:  it fell on Joseph Buonaparte, King of Naples; and ere it was announced, that personage was already on his way to Bayonne.  Ninety-five Notables of Spain met him in that town; and swore fealty to him and a new Constitution, the manufacture of course of Napoleon.  Joseph, on entering Spain, was met by unequivocal symptoms of scorn and hatred:—­nay, one great battle had already been fought between the French and the patriots:—­but, the main road being strongly occupied throughout with his brother’s troops, he reached Madrid in safety.

Lucien Buonaparte, it is understood, received the first offer of this crown; but he did not envy the condition of his brother’s royal vassals, and declined the dangerous honour.  Murat had expected it, and much resented his disappointment; but Napoleon did not consider him as possessed of the requisite prudence, and he was forced to accept the succession to the vacant throne of Naples.

Joseph had become not unpopular in Naples, and being a peaceful man, would gladly have remained in that humbler kingdom; but Napoleon no more consulted the private wishes of his subaltern princes on such occasions, than he did those of his generals in the arrangements of a campaign.

On the 24th of July (says Colonel Napier), “Joseph was proclaimed King of Spain and the Indies, with all the solemnities usual upon such occasions; not hesitating to declare himself the enemy of eleven millions of people, the object of a whole nation’s hatred; calling, with a strange accent, from the midst of foreign bands, upon that fierce and haughty race to accept of a constitution which they did not understand, and which few of them had even heard of; his only hope of success resting on the strength of his brother’s arms; his claims on the consent of an imbecile monarch and the weakness of a few pusillanimous nobles, in contempt of the rights of millions now arming to oppose him.”