fit to exhibit on any other occasions whatever.  The question was argued one evening, at great length, on the terrace of the garden, at Buonaparte’s favourite villa of Malmaison.  The Chief Consul avowed himself to be no believer in Christianity; “But religion,” said he, “is a principle which cannot be eradicated from the heart of man.”  “Who made all that?” he continued, looking up to the heaven, which was clear and starry.  “But last Sunday evening I was walking here alone when the church bells of the village of Ruel rung at sunset.  I was strongly moved, so vividly did the image of early days come back with that sound.  If it be thus with me, what must it be with others?  In re-establishing the church, I consult the wishes of the great majority of my people.”

Volney, the celebrated traveller, was present.  “You speak of the majority of the people,” said he:  “if that is to be the rule, recall the Bourbons to-morrow.”  Napoleon never conversed with this bold infidel afterwards.

The concordat gave no satisfaction to the high Catholic party, who considered it as comprehending arrangements wholly unworthy of the dignity of the Pope, and destructive of the authority of the church.  The great majority of the nation, however, were wise enough to be contented with conditions which the Vatican had found it necessary to admit.  The chief articles were these:  I. The Roman Catholic religion is recognised as the national faith.  II.  The Pope, in concert with the French government, shall make a new division of dioceses, requiring, if necessary, the resignation of any existing prelate.  III.  Vacant sees now and henceforth shall be filled by the Pope on nominations by the government.  IV.  No bishops shall hold their sees unless they swear allegiance to the government, and adopt a ritual in which prayers are offered up for the Consuls.  V. The church livings shall be, like the dioceses, rearranged; and the cures be appointed by the bishop, but not without the approbation of the government.  VI.  The French government shall make provision for the prelates and clergy, and the Pope renounces for ever all right to challenge the distribution of church property consequent on the events of the revolutionary period.

The Pope, in acceding to these terms, submitted to “the exigence of the time—­which,” said his Holiness in the deed itself, “lays its violence even upon us.”  The most bitter point of execution was that which regarded the bishops—­the great majority of whom were yet in exile.  These prelates were summoned to send in, each separately, and within fifteen days, his acceptance of the terms of the concordat, or his resignation of his see.  Thus taken by surprise, having no means of consultation, and considering the concordat as fatal to the rights of the church, and the Pope’s assent as extorted by mere necessity, almost all of them, to their honour be it said, declined complying with either of these demands.  That these bishops should prefer poverty