He never opposes Roman relations to those of the place where he is speaking, as he does in regard to Athens and Alexandria.  He uses the name “Romans” only three times,[1] once comparing them to the Rhodians, once to the Persians, and once in general to other nations.[2] In the first two of these references, the expression “among the Romans” in the first part of the antithesis is followed by the expression, “among us,” in the second part, which Haas understands to be synonymous.  The third reference is in regard to a Roman law, and the use of the word ‘Roman’ does not at all show that Sextus was not then in Rome.  The character of the laws referred to by Sextus as [Greek:  par’ haemin] shows that they were always Roman laws, and his definition of law[3] is especially a definition of Roman law.  This argument might, it would seem, apply to any part of the Roman Empire, but Haas claims that the whole relation of law to custom as treated of by Sextus, and all his statements of customs forbidden at that time by law, point to Rome as the place of his residence.  Further, Haas considers the Herodotus mentioned by Galen[4] as a prominent physician in Rome, to have been the predecessor and master of Sextus, in whose place Sextus says that he is teaching.[5] Haas also thinks that Sextus’ refutation of the identity of Pyrrhonism with Empiricism evidently refers to a paragraph in Galen’s Subfiguratio Empirica,[6] which would be natural if the Hypotyposes were written shortly after Galen’s Sub.  Em., and in the same place.  Further, Hippolytus, who wrote in or near Rome very soon after the time of Sextus, apparently used the Hypotyposes, which would be more natural if he wrote in the same place.  According to Haas, every thing in internal evidence, and outward testimony, points to Rome as having been the city where Sextus occupied his position as the head of the Sceptical School.

    [1] Haas Op. cit. p. 15.

    [2] Hyp. I. 149, 152; III. 211.

    [3] Hyp. I. 146.

    [4] Galen de puls. IV. 11; Bd.  VIII. 751.

    [5] Hyp.  III. 120.

    [6] Galen Sub.  Em. 123 B-126 D. (Basileae, 1542).

Coming now to the position of Pappenheim on this subject, we find that he takes very decided ground against the seat of the Sceptical School having been in Rome, even for a short time, in his latest publication regarding it.[1] This opinion is the result of late study on the part of Pappenheim, for in his work on the Lebensverhaeltnisse des Sextus Empiricus Berlin 1875, he says, “Dass Herodotus in Rom lebte sagt Galen.  Vermuthlich auch Sextus.”  His reasons given in the later article for not connecting the Sceptical School at all with Rome are as follows.  He finds no proof of the influence of Scepticism in Rome, as Cicero remarks that Pyrrhonism is extinct,[2] and he also gives weight to the well-known sarcastic saying of