be judged or cannot be judged? If it cannot be
judged, then we have the result necessarily of suspension
of judgment, because it is impossible to express opinion
in regard to things about which a difference of opinion
exists which cannot be judged. If it can be judged,
then we ask how it is to be judged? For
171 example, the sensible, for we shall limit the
argument first to this—Is it to be judged
by sensible or by intellectual standards? For
if it is to be judged by a sensible one, since we
are in doubt about the sensible, that will also need
something else to sustain it; and if that proof is
also something sensible, something else will again
be necessary to prove it, and so on in infinitum.
If, on the contrary, the sensible must be judged by
something intellectual, as there is disagreement
172 in regard to the intellectual, this intellectual
thing will require also judgment and proof. Now,
how is it to be proved? If by something intellectual,
it will likewise be thrown into infinitum;
if by something sensible, as the intellectual has
been taken for the proof of the sensible, and the sensible
has been taken for that of the intellectual, the circulus
in probando is introduced. If, however, in
order to escape 173 from this, the one who
is speaking to us expects us to take something for
granted which has not been proved, in order to prove
what follows, the hypothetical Trope is introduced,
which provides no way of escape. For if the one
who makes the hypothesis is worthy of confidence,
we should in every case be no less worthy of confidence
in making a contrary hypothesis. If the one who
makes the assumption assumes something true, he makes
it suspicious by using it as a hypothesis, and not
as an established fact; if it is false, the foundation
of the reasoning is unsound. If a hypothesis
is any help towards a 174 trustworthy result,
let the thing in question itself be assumed, and not
something else, by which, forsooth, one would establish
the thing under discussion. If it is absurd to
assume the thing questioned, it is also absurd to
assume that upon which it rests. That all things
belonging to the senses are also in 175 relation
to something else is evident, because they are in
relation to those who perceive them. It is clear
then, that whatever thing of sense is brought before
us, it may be easily referred to one of the five Tropes.
And we come to a similar conclusion in regard to intellectual
things. For if it should be said that there is
a difference of opinion regarding them which cannot
be judged, it will be granted that we must suspend
the judgment concerning it. In case the difference
of opinion 176 can be judged, if it is judged
through anything intellectual, we fall into the regressus
in infinitum, and if through anything sensible
into the circulus in probando; for, as the sensible
is again subject to difference of opinion, and cannot
be judged by the sensible on account of the regressus