coolness can avert.  In this way, the pupil becomes familiar with the face of danger, and learns that it is not so terrible as it seems.  Nothing else makes a man so brave regarding a certain danger as to have met that danger successfully before.  This statement must be qualified with the remark that in some cases a danger, although passed successfully, has been known to do a harm to the nervous system from which it never has recovered.  This is especially the case if it was accompanied with a great and sudden noise and the evidence of great injury to others.  In cases like this, the shock probably comes too abruptly to enable the man to prepare himself to receive it.  The efficacy of a little preparation, even preparation lasting but a few seconds, is worthy of remark.  Two theories connecting fear and trembling may be noted here:  one that a person trembles because he fears; the other, and later, that trembling is automatic, and that a person fears because he trembles.

But the influence of fear is not only to tempt a man to turn his back on duty and seek safety in flight, for it affects him in many degrees short of this.  Sometimes, in fact usually, it prevents the accurate operation of the mind in greater or less degree.  Here again training comes to the rescue, by so habituating a man to do his work in a certain way (loading a gun for instance) that he will do it automatically, and yet correctly, when his mind is almost paralyzed for a time.  A very few men are so constituted that danger is a stimulus to not only their physical but their mental functions; so that they never think quite so quickly and so clearly as when in great danger.  Such men are born commanders.

Discussion of such an abstract thing as courage may seem out of place in a discussion of “Naval Strategy”; but while it is true that naval strategy is largely concerned with mental operations, while courage is a moral or spiritual quality, yet strategy concerns itself with the securing of all means to victory, and of these means courage is more important than any other one thing.  One plan or one system of training may be better than another; but they differ only in degree, and if one plan fails another may be substituted; but if courage be found lacking, there is no substitute on earth.  Now, if courage is to be inculcated by some system of training, surely it is not amiss to devote a few minutes to an analysis of the nature of courage, to seek what light we can get as to the best methods of training to employ.

Responsibility.—­There is one form of courage which most men are never called upon to use, and that is willingness to take responsibility.  Most men are never confronted with a situation requiring them to take it.  To naval men, however, the necessity comes often, even to naval men in the lower grades; for they are often confronted with situations in which they can accept or evade responsibility.  That courage is needed, no one can doubt who has had experience.